SIC 6-Digit Codes for "business manufacturing and supply"

Business Cards Manufacturing is a subset of the Commercial Printing industry that specializes in the production of business cards. Business cards are small cards that contain information about an individual or a company, including their name, contact information, and job title. The manufacturing process involves the use of specialized equipment and …

Market Research & Analysis is an industry that involves the collection and analysis of data related to market trends, consumer behavior, and competitor activity. The insights gained from this research are used to inform business decisions, such as product development, marketing strategies, and pricing. Market research can be conducted through a variety of methods, …

Business brokers are professionals who assist in the buying and selling of businesses. They act as intermediaries between buyers and sellers, helping to facilitate the transaction and ensure that both parties are satisfied with the outcome. Business brokers typically work with small to medium-sized businesses, and their services can be …

Business colleges are educational institutions that specialize in providing students with the knowledge and skills necessary to succeed in the business world. These colleges offer a range of programs, including undergraduate and graduate degrees, diplomas, and certificates, in various fields such as accounting, finance, marketing, management, and …

Corporate Lodging is a type of accommodation that caters specifically to business travelers. It involves providing temporary housing for employees of companies who are traveling for work purposes. Corporate Lodging can range from extended stay hotels to serviced apartments and can be found in both urban and suburban areas. The goal of Corporate Lodging is to provide a …

International Business Services is an industry that provides consulting and support services to companies that operate globally or are looking to expand their business internationally. This industry involves a range of activities that help businesses navigate the complexities of international trade, such as market research, legal and regulatory …

Food Service-Supplies (Wholesale) is a subdivision of the Groceries, General Line (Wholesale) industry that specializes in providing a wide range of products to businesses in the food service industry. This industry involves the wholesale distribution of various supplies and equipment to restaurants, cafes, hotels, catering companies, and other food service …

Franchising is a business model in which a company (the franchisor) grants the right to use its trademark, products, and business processes to another company or individual (the franchisee) in exchange for a fee. The franchisee operates under the franchisor's established brand and business model, and receives support and training from …

Business Development is a strategic process that involves identifying and pursuing new business opportunities to help a company grow and expand its market share. This industry focuses on creating long-term value for a company by building relationships with potential clients, partners, and investors. Business Development professionals work to …

The Business Plans industry involves providing consulting services to businesses and organizations in order to develop and implement effective business plans. These plans typically include strategies for growth, financial projections, marketing plans, and operational plans. Business plan consultants work closely with clients to understand …

Registered Agents are companies that act as a liaison between a business entity and the state in which it is registered. They provide a range of services to ensure that businesses comply with state regulations and maintain good standing. Registered Agents receive legal and tax documents on behalf of their clients and forward them in a timely …

Business Publications (Wholesale) is a subdivision of the Books, Periodicals, and Newspapers (Wholesale) industry, classified under SIC Code 5192. This industry involves the wholesale distribution of business-related publications, such as magazines, journals, and newsletters, to retailers, libraries, and other businesses. Business Publications …

Water Supply Systems is an industry that involves the provision of clean and safe water to residential, commercial, and industrial customers. This industry is responsible for the design, construction, operation, and maintenance of water treatment plants, pumping stations, and distribution networks that ensure the delivery of potable water to end-users. Water …

County Government-Economic Program Administration is an industry that involves the management and implementation of economic programs at the county level. These programs are designed to promote economic growth and development within a specific geographic area. County governments are responsible for administering a range of economic programs that are aimed at supporting …

Business Management Consultants are professionals who provide expert advice and guidance to organizations in order to improve their overall performance. They work with businesses of all sizes and across all industries to help them identify areas for improvement, develop strategies for growth, and implement changes that will lead to increased efficiency …

Business Solutions is an industry that provides a wide range of services to help businesses operate more efficiently and effectively. These services can include accounting, auditing, bookkeeping, consulting, marketing, and technology solutions. The goal of Business Solutions is to help businesses improve their operations, increase their profitability, …

Companies classified under the SIC Code 8748 subdivision "Consultants-Business NEC" provide a wide range of consulting services to businesses that are not covered by other SIC Code subdivisions. These services can include anything from strategic planning to marketing to human resources. Essentially, these consultants help businesses improve their operations and achieve …

Companies in the Power Supply-Emergency (Wholesale) industry specialize in the distribution of emergency power supply equipment and related products. These products are designed to provide backup power in the event of a power outage or other emergency situation. The industry serves a wide range of customers, including hospitals, data centers, government agencies, and …

Better Business Bureaus are non-profit organizations that aim to promote ethical business practices and provide a platform for consumers to voice their complaints against businesses. They act as intermediaries between consumers and businesses, providing dispute resolution services and promoting consumer education. Better Business Bureaus …

Economic Development Agencies are organizations that work towards improving the economic well-being and quality of life in a particular region or community. These agencies are typically funded by government entities, but can also be non-profit organizations or public-private partnerships. The main goal of Economic Development Agencies is to attract and retain businesses, …

Schools-Business & Secretarial is an industry that provides education and training in business and secretarial skills. This industry is focused on preparing individuals for administrative and support roles in various industries. The courses offered by these schools cover a range of topics such as office management, bookkeeping, accounting, computer …

The State Government-Regulation-Agricultural Marketing & Commodities industry involves the regulation and oversight of agricultural marketing and commodities at the state level. This includes the development and enforcement of policies and regulations related to the production, processing, distribution, and sale of agricultural products. State governments play a …

Business Forms Handling Equipment Manufacturing is a specialized industry that involves the production of machines and equipment used for handling business forms. These machines are designed to streamline the process of handling business forms, making it more efficient and less time-consuming. The industry is responsible for the …

Misc Business Credit Institutions are companies that provide credit and financing services to businesses that are not covered by traditional banks. These institutions offer a range of financial products and services to help businesses grow and expand. They specialize in providing credit to small and medium-sized businesses that may …

Companies in the Business & Financial Reports industry provide a range of services related to the creation and dissemination of financial and business information. These services include the preparation of financial statements, annual reports, and other financial documents, as well as the analysis and interpretation of financial data. Companies in this …

Business Forms & Systems (Wholesale) is a subdivision of the Stationery and Office Supplies (Wholesale) industry. Companies in this industry specialize in the wholesale distribution of business forms and systems, which are essential tools for businesses to manage their operations. These forms and systems can include invoices, purchase orders, …

Financing-Business``` is an industry that involves providing short-term credit to businesses that need immediate cash flow. These businesses may require financing for a variety of reasons, such as to purchase inventory, pay for operating expenses, or cover unexpected expenses. Financing-Business companies typically offer loans with a short repayment period, ranging …

The industry of incorporating companies falls under the SIC Code 8111 for Legal Services. This industry involves the process of creating a new corporation or business entity, which includes filing the necessary paperwork with the state government. Incorporating a company provides many benefits such as limited liability protection, tax advantages, and the ability to raise capital …

The Staples Staplers & Tackers (Wholesale) industry involves the distribution of staplers, tackers, and staples to retailers and other businesses. These tools are commonly used in the construction, manufacturing, and packaging industries. Companies in this industry may also offer repair and maintenance services for the tools they distribute. …

Business Television (Wholesale) is a subdivision of the Electronic Parts and Equipment, Not Elsewhere Classified (Wholesale) industry. Companies in this industry specialize in the wholesale distribution of business television equipment and related accessories. Business television equipment includes devices such as video conferencing systems, digital signage …

Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) is a business-to-business electronic communication method that allows companies to exchange business documents electronically in a standardized format. This industry involves the transfer of data between different computer systems without the need for human intervention. EDI is used to streamline business processes, reduce …

City Government-Economic Program Administration is an industry that involves the management and implementation of economic programs at the city level. This industry is responsible for developing and executing policies and initiatives that promote economic growth and development within a city. City Government-Economic Program Administration is a vital component of local …

Management Services is an industry that provides a wide range of professional support and consulting services to businesses and organizations. These services are designed to help companies improve their operations, increase efficiency, and achieve their goals. Management Services can be provided in a variety of areas, including human resources, finance, …

Entertainers-Family & Business is an industry that involves providing entertainment services for both family and business events. This industry is responsible for creating a fun and engaging atmosphere for events such as weddings, corporate parties, and family gatherings. Entertainers-Family & Business can range from individual performers to full …

The Financing-Insurance Premium industry, classified under SIC Code 6153, involves providing short-term credit to businesses for the purpose of financing insurance premiums. This industry is primarily focused on providing loans to businesses that need to pay for insurance premiums but do not have the necessary funds available. The loans provided by companies in this industry are …

Water Hauling Service is an industry that involves the transportation of water from one location to another using specialized vehicles. This service is commonly used in areas where there is a shortage of water or where water needs to be transported to remote locations. Water Hauling Service is also used in the oil and gas industry for hydraulic fracturing, also known as fracking, where …

Companies in the Brushes (Wholesale) industry are involved in the wholesale distribution of brushes and related products. These products can include a wide range of brushes, such as paint brushes, cleaning brushes, makeup brushes, and industrial brushes. The industry serves a variety of customers, including retailers, manufacturers, and commercial and industrial …

Child Care Centers-Consultants is a subdivision of the Child Day Care Services industry that provides consulting services to child care centers. These consultants offer expert advice and guidance to child care center owners and operators on a range of topics, including licensing and regulatory compliance, program development, staff training, and business …

The Paper-Toilet (Wholesale) industry involves the wholesale distribution of toilet paper products to various businesses and organizations. This includes supplying toilet paper to hotels, restaurants, schools, hospitals, and other commercial establishments. The industry is responsible for providing a necessary product that is used on a daily basis by millions of people …

Business Services NEC is a subdivision of the SIC Code 7389 that encompasses a wide range of business activities that do not fit into other specific categories. Companies in this industry provide various services to other businesses, organizations, and individuals. These services can include consulting, marketing, advertising, research, and other professional …

Business Support Service is an industry that provides a wide range of professional services to other businesses. These services are designed to support and enhance the operations of businesses, allowing them to focus on their core competencies. Business Support Service companies can provide services such as administrative support, …

Companies in the Sewing Machines-Supplies & Attachments (Retail) industry specialize in selling a variety of sewing machines, supplies, and attachments to consumers. These businesses typically operate physical retail stores, although some may also sell their products online. The industry caters to a wide range of customers, including hobbyists, professional tailors, …

Companies in the Computer Disaster Planning industry specialize in providing disaster recovery and business continuity planning services to organizations. These services involve the development and implementation of strategies to ensure that critical business functions can continue in the event of a disaster, such as a cyber attack, natural disaster, or other …

Organizing Services-Household & Business is an industry that specializes in providing assistance to individuals and businesses in organizing their spaces and belongings. This industry involves a range of services that help clients declutter, sort, and arrange their possessions in a more efficient and functional manner. Organizing Services-Household & …

Etiquette Schools are educational institutions that specialize in teaching social skills and proper behavior to individuals of all ages. These schools offer a range of courses and programs that focus on various aspects of etiquette, including dining etiquette, business etiquette, social etiquette, and more. The goal of etiquette schools is to help individuals develop …

The Arts & Crafts (Wholesale) industry involves the distribution of a wide range of art and craft supplies to retailers, educational institutions, and other businesses. These supplies can include everything from paints, brushes, and canvases to beads, yarns, and fabrics. Companies in this industry may also offer specialized products such as …

Business Service Centers are companies that provide a variety of office support services to businesses and individuals. These centers offer a range of services such as printing, copying, mailing, shipping, faxing, and virtual office services. Business Service Centers are designed to provide a convenient and cost-effective solution for …

Multi-Level Marketing (MLM) is a business model that involves recruiting individuals to become distributors of a company's products or services. These distributors then earn commissions on their own sales as well as the sales made by the people they recruit into the business. MLM is also known as network marketing, referral marketing, and direct selling. The MLM industry has …

Cleaners (Wholesale) is a subdivision of the Drycleaning Plants industry that involves the wholesale distribution of cleaning products and supplies to businesses and institutions. These products can include a range of cleaning solutions, detergents, soaps, and other chemicals used for cleaning and sanitizing purposes. Cleaners (Wholesale) companies …

Beauty Salon Management is a specialized industry that involves the management and operation of beauty salons. This industry is responsible for providing a range of services to clients, including haircuts, styling, coloring, makeup application, and nail care. Beauty Salon Management requires a deep understanding of the beauty industry, as well as strong business …

Companies in the Stationery-Commercial (Wholesale) industry are involved in the wholesale distribution of stationery and office supplies to commercial clients. This includes a wide range of products such as paper, pens, pencils, markers, staplers, folders, binders, envelopes, and other office supplies. These companies typically purchase products in bulk from …

Towel Supply Service is a specialized industry that provides clean and hygienic towels to businesses and organizations. This service is particularly important for industries that require frequent use of towels, such as hotels, spas, gyms, and hospitals. The primary goal of a towel supply service is to ensure that their clients have a steady supply …

Companies in the Business Records & Documents-Storage industry provide storage and management services for physical and digital business records and documents. This includes paper documents, electronic files, microfilm, and other types of media. The industry serves a wide range of clients, including businesses, government agencies, healthcare …

Business & Trade Organizations are groups or associations of businesses that work together to promote and protect the interests of their members. These organizations can be local, national, or international and can represent a variety of industries. The main goal of these organizations is to provide a platform for businesses to network, share information, …

Iso Certification is a business activity within the Testing Laboratories industry that involves the certification of a company's management systems to the ISO (International Organization for Standardization) standards. These standards provide a framework for companies to establish and maintain effective management systems in areas such as quality, environmental …

Yellow Pages-Publishers (Manufacturing) is an industry that involves the production of printed directories that list businesses and their contact information. These directories are commonly known as Yellow Pages and are used by consumers to find local businesses. The industry is responsible for compiling and publishing these directories, which are …

Business Forms & Systems (Manufacturing) is an industry that specializes in the production of customized forms and systems for businesses. These forms and systems are designed to help businesses streamline their operations and improve their overall efficiency. The industry involves the use of various printing and manufacturing …

Ancsa Native Corporations are a unique type of business association that was established in 1971 under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA). These corporations are owned by Alaska Native shareholders and were created to settle land and financial claims made by Alaska Natives against the United States government. The ANCSA legislation granted 44 million acres …

Printers-Business Forms (Manufacturing) is an industry that specializes in the production of business forms such as invoices, receipts, purchase orders, and other types of forms used in various industries. These forms are typically printed in large quantities and are customized to meet the specific needs of each client. The industry involves the use of advanced …

Chambers of Commerce are non-profit organizations that serve as a voice for businesses in a particular region or industry. They provide a range of services and resources to their members, including networking opportunities, business education and training, advocacy, and access to government officials. Chambers of Commerce are typically funded through membership …

Medical Business Administration is a specialized field within the broader category of management services. It involves the management and administration of medical practices, healthcare facilities, and healthcare systems. Professionals in this industry are responsible for ensuring the smooth operation of medical facilities, managing finances, overseeing staff, and …

Propane supply lines installation and service is a specialized industry that involves the installation, maintenance, and repair of propane gas lines for residential, commercial, and industrial properties. Propane is a popular fuel source for heating, cooking, and powering appliances, and it requires a safe and reliable delivery system to ensure …

The School Supplies (Wholesale) industry involves the distribution of a wide range of products that are used in educational institutions. These products include textbooks, workbooks, writing instruments, art supplies, classroom decorations, and other materials that are essential for teaching and learning. Companies in this industry typically purchase these products in …

Building Materials (Retail)" is an industry that involves the sale of various materials used in the construction and renovation of buildings. These materials can include lumber, roofing, flooring, insulation, drywall, paint, hardware, and more. Retailers in this industry typically sell to both professional contractors and do-it-yourself homeowners. The industry is highly …

The First Aid Supplies (Retail) industry involves the sale of first aid supplies to consumers for personal or business use. These supplies can range from basic first aid kits to more specialized items such as defibrillators and emergency oxygen equipment. Retailers in this industry may also offer training and certification courses for CPR and first …

Computer Integrated Systems Design is an industry that involves the design, development, and implementation of computer-based systems that integrate hardware, software, and communication technologies. These systems are designed to automate and streamline business processes, increase efficiency, and improve productivity. Companies in this industry work with …

Accountants Commercial is a subdivision of the Accounting, Auditing, and Bookkeeping Services industry. This industry involves providing accounting and financial services to businesses, organizations, and individuals. Accountants Commercial specifically focuses on providing these services to commercial businesses. These services may include financial statement …

Systems Consultants are professionals who provide expert advice and assistance to organizations in the design, implementation, and maintenance of their information systems. They work with clients to identify their business needs and develop customized solutions that improve their overall efficiency and effectiveness. Systems Consultants may specialize in a …

Companies in the Water System Billing Management & Supplies industry are responsible for managing and supplying water to residential, commercial, and industrial customers. This includes the billing and collection of fees for water usage, as well as the maintenance and repair of water supply systems. The industry also provides consulting services to …

The Artists Materials & Supplies (Retail) industry involves the sale of materials and supplies used by artists, including painters, sculptors, and graphic designers. These retail stores offer a wide range of products, from basic art supplies like paint, brushes, and canvases to more specialized items like drafting tables, printmaking equipment, and …

Export consultants are professionals who provide guidance and assistance to businesses looking to expand their operations into international markets. These consultants have a deep understanding of the complexities involved in exporting goods and services, and they use their expertise to help companies navigate the various legal, logistical, and …

Companies in the Advertising-Shoppers' Guides industry provide advertising services through the publication of printed or electronic guides that list and describe goods and services for sale by various businesses. These guides are typically distributed free of charge to consumers and are often organized by category or geographic location to make it easier for shoppers …

Ship Chandlers (Wholesale) is a subdivision of the Transportation Equipment and Supplies, except Motor Vehicles (Wholesale) industry. This industry involves the wholesale distribution of equipment, supplies, and provisions to ships and boats. Ship chandlers provide a wide range of products to meet the needs of vessels, including food, beverages, …

Manifold Business Forms (Manufacturing) is an industry that specializes in the production of manifold business forms, which are multi-part forms used for record-keeping and invoicing purposes. These forms typically consist of multiple sheets of paper, each with a different color and purpose, that are bound together to create a single document. The industry …

The Lingerie Wholesale industry involves the distribution of intimate apparel for women, including bras, panties, sleepwear, and hosiery. These products are typically sold in bulk to retailers, who then sell them to consumers. Lingerie wholesalers may also sell to online retailers or directly to consumers through their own e-commerce platforms. The industry is highly competitive, with …

The Accounting & Bookkeeping Systems (Wholesale) industry involves the distribution of accounting and bookkeeping systems to various businesses and organizations. These systems are designed to help companies manage their financial transactions, record keeping, and reporting. The industry plays a crucial role in ensuring that businesses have access to the …

Companies in the Cooking Utensils (Wholesale) industry specialize in the distribution of kitchen tools and equipment to retailers, restaurants, and other food service establishments. This industry involves the wholesale of a wide range of cooking utensils, including pots, pans, knives, cutting boards, and other kitchen tools. The industry is highly competitive, with companies …

The Dishwashing Machines Supplies/Parts (Wholesale) industry involves the distribution of various supplies and parts used in commercial and industrial dishwashing machines. These machines are commonly used in restaurants, hotels, hospitals, and other facilities that require large-scale dishwashing capabilities. The industry is responsible for providing the …

Soda Fountain Supplies (Wholesale) is a subdivision of the Industrial and Personal Service Paper (Wholesale) industry that specializes in the distribution of products used in soda fountains. This industry involves the wholesale distribution of a range of products including syrups, carbon dioxide, cups, straws, napkins, and other supplies used in soda fountains. …

Typing service is a business activity that involves the creation of typed documents from handwritten or digital copies. This industry is focused on providing accurate and efficient typing services to clients who require professional documents such as reports, letters, manuscripts, and other written materials. Typing service providers are skilled in typing, formatting, …

Risk Management Consultants are professionals who specialize in identifying, assessing, and mitigating potential risks that may affect a company's operations, reputation, and financial stability. They work with businesses of all sizes and industries to develop risk management strategies that minimize the impact of potential risks and ensure business …

Trapping Equipment & Supplies (Retail) is a specialized industry that caters to the needs of trappers and hunters. This industry involves the retail sale of equipment and supplies used for trapping and hunting animals. Trapping Equipment & Supplies (Retail) stores offer a wide range of products that are specifically designed for trapping and …

Planning Consultants are professionals who provide expert advice and guidance to businesses and organizations in the development and implementation of strategic plans. They work with clients to identify their goals and objectives, assess their current situation, and develop a plan of action to achieve their desired outcomes. Planning Consultants may …

Writing Consultants are professionals who provide expert advice and guidance on various aspects of writing. They work with individuals, businesses, and organizations to help them improve their writing skills, develop effective communication strategies, and create high-quality written content. Writing Consultants may specialize in different areas such as technical …

State Government-Economic Program Administration is an industry that involves the management and implementation of economic programs at the state level. This industry is responsible for overseeing and regulating economic development initiatives, as well as providing support and resources to businesses and individuals seeking to improve their economic …

Planners-Professional is a subdivision of the Management Consulting Services industry that specializes in providing expert advice and guidance to clients in various fields. These professionals are highly skilled in analyzing data, identifying problems, and developing solutions to help their clients achieve their goals. They work closely with clients to understand their needs …

Publishers-Computer Software (Manufacturing) is an industry that involves the creation and production of computer software for various purposes. This industry is responsible for developing software that can be used for entertainment, education, business, and other applications. The software created by this industry can be sold to consumers or businesses, or it …

Companies in the Truck-Washing/Cleaning Eqpt Supplies (Wholesale) industry are involved in the wholesale distribution of equipment and supplies used for washing and cleaning trucks. This includes a wide range of products such as pressure washers, detergents, brushes, and other cleaning tools. The industry serves a variety of customers including trucking …

Ceramic Equipment & Supplies (Retail) is an industry that specializes in selling tools and materials for ceramic artists and enthusiasts. This industry involves the retail sale of a wide range of ceramic equipment and supplies, including kilns, pottery wheels, clay, glazes, and tools. Ceramic Equipment & Supplies (Retail) stores cater to both …

The Marine Equipment & Supplies (Manufacturing) industry involves the production of various equipment and supplies used in the marine sector. This includes the manufacturing of boats, ships, and other watercraft, as well as the production of equipment and supplies used in the construction, maintenance, and repair of these vessels. The …

The Metal-Steel (Wholesale) industry involves the wholesale distribution of steel and metal products to various industries such as construction, manufacturing, and automotive. Companies in this industry purchase large quantities of steel and metal products from manufacturers and then sell them to smaller distributors or end-users. The industry plays a crucial …

Envelopes (Wholesale) is a subdivision of the Stationery and Office Supplies (Wholesale) industry that specializes in the distribution of envelopes in bulk quantities to various businesses and organizations. This industry involves the wholesale purchase and sale of envelopes of different sizes, shapes, colors, and materials to meet the diverse needs of …

Data Management is an industry that involves the organization, storage, retrieval, and analysis of large amounts of data. Companies in this industry provide software and services that help businesses and organizations manage their data effectively. This includes data integration, data quality, data governance, and data security. Data Management is a crucial …

Expertise & Technical Analysis is a subdivision of the Business Consulting Services industry that focuses on providing specialized knowledge and skills to clients in order to help them make informed decisions. This industry involves the use of technical expertise and analytical tools to solve complex problems and provide solutions to clients. Companies in this industry …

Plugs (Wholesale) is a subdivision of the Plumbing and Heating Equipment and Supplies (Hydronics) (Wholesale) industry. This industry involves the wholesale distribution of plugs, which are used to seal openings in pipes, tanks, and other equipment. Plugs can be made from a variety of materials, including rubber, plastic, and metal, and come in a range of …

The Hose & Tubing-Rubber & Plastic (Wholesale) industry involves the distribution of rubber and plastic hoses and tubing to various businesses and industries. These products are used for a wide range of applications such as fluid transfer, air and water supply, and chemical handling. Companies in this industry typically purchase large …

Engineers-Water Supply is a subdivision of the Engineering Services industry that focuses on the design, construction, and maintenance of water supply systems. This industry involves a range of activities, from the planning and design of water treatment plants and distribution systems to the installation and maintenance of pipelines and pumping …

Logistics is the process of planning, implementing, and controlling the movement and storage of goods, services, and information from the point of origin to the point of consumption. It involves the coordination of various activities such as transportation, warehousing, inventory management, packaging, and security to ensure that products are delivered to customers in …

Call centers are a type of business service that provides customer support and assistance through various communication channels such as phone, email, chat, and social media. Call centers are often outsourced by companies to handle their customer service needs, allowing them to focus on their core business activities. Call centers can be either inbound or …

Parcel Post Assembly Service is a type of courier service that specializes in the assembly and packaging of parcels for delivery. This industry involves the collection of items from various sources, the sorting and grouping of these items, and the packaging of the items into parcels for delivery to their intended recipients. Parcel Post Assembly Service companies may also …