Tools commonly used in the Pizza (Wholesale) industry for day-to-day tasks and operations.

• Pizza ovens
• Dough mixers
• Pizza cutters
• Pizza peels
• Pizza screens
• Pizza pans
• Ingredient scales
• Food processors
• Cheese graters
• Tomato slicers
• Meat slicers
• Vegetable choppers
• Pizza boxes
• Delivery vehicles
• Hand trucks
• Pallet jacks
• Barcode scanners
• Inventory management software

Common products and services typical of NAICS Code 424490-51, illustrating the main business activities and contributions to the market.

• Pizza crusts
• Pizza toppings
• Pizza sauces
• Cheese
• Pepperoni
• Sausage
• Mushrooms
• Onions
• Peppers
• Olives
• Anchovies
• Garlic
• Pizza dough
• Pizza seasoning
• Pizza boxes
• Pizza delivery bags
• Pizza cutters

The specific certifications, permits, licenses, and regulatory compliance requirements within the United States for this industry.

• Servsafe Food Handler Certification: This certification is required for all food handlers in the US, including those in the pizza wholesale industry. It ensures that food is handled safely and reduces the risk of foodborne illnesses. The certification is provided by the National Restaurant Association and can be obtained through their website.
• Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) Certification: This certification is required for food businesses that handle, store, or distribute perishable goods. It ensures that food is handled safely and reduces the risk of contamination. The certification is provided by the International HACCP Alliance and can be obtained through their website.
• Safe Quality Food (SQF) Certification: This certification is required for food businesses that want to demonstrate their commitment to food safety and quality. It ensures that food is handled safely and meets certain quality standards. The certification is provided by the Safe Quality Food Institute and can be obtained through their website.
• Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) Certification: This certification is required for food businesses that want to demonstrate their commitment to producing safe and high-quality products. It ensures that food is manufactured in a clean and safe environment and meets certain quality standards. The certification is provided by the NSF International and can be obtained through their website.
• Organic Certification: This certification is required for food businesses that want to sell organic products. It ensures that food is produced without the use of synthetic pesticides, fertilizers, or genetically modified organisms (GMOs). The certification is provided by the USDA National Organic Program and can be obtained through their website.

A concise historical narrative of NAICS Code 424490-51 covering global milestones and recent developments within the United States.

• The history of the Pizza (Wholesale) industry dates back to the early 1900s when Italian immigrants started to sell pizzas in the United States. The first pizzeria in the US was opened in New York City in 1905, and by the 1930s, pizza had become a popular food item in the country. In the 1950s, the frozen pizza was invented, which revolutionized the industry by making it possible to sell pizzas on a large scale. In the 1980s, the introduction of computerized ovens and other technological advancements made it easier to produce pizzas in large quantities. In recent years, the industry has seen a rise in demand for healthier pizza options, such as gluten-free and low-carb pizzas, as well as an increase in online ordering and delivery services. In the United States, the Pizza (Wholesale) industry has experienced significant growth in recent years. According to a report by Technomic, the industry grew by 3.8% in 2019, reaching a total of $47.5 billion in sales. This growth can be attributed to several factors, including the increasing popularity of pizza as a convenient and affordable food option, the rise of online ordering and delivery services, and the introduction of new and innovative pizza toppings and flavors. Despite the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, the industry has remained resilient, with many pizzerias adapting to the changing market conditions by offering contactless delivery and takeout options. Overall, the Pizza (Wholesale) industry in the United States has a rich history and a promising future, with continued growth expected in the coming years.

The anticipated future trajectory of the NAICS 424490-51 industry in the USA, offering insights into potential trends, innovations, and challenges expected to shape its landscape.

• Growth Prediction: Growing

  The future outlook for the Pizza (Wholesale) industry in the USA is positive. The industry is expected to grow in the coming years due to the increasing demand for pizza in the country. The rise in the number of pizza restaurants and the popularity of frozen pizzas are some of the factors that are expected to drive the growth of the industry. Additionally, the increasing popularity of online food delivery services is also expected to boost the demand for pizza, which in turn will drive the growth of the Pizza (Wholesale) industry. However, the industry may face challenges such as rising competition and increasing raw material costs, which may affect the profit margins of the industry players.

Recent groundbreaking advancements and milestones in the Pizza (Wholesale) industry, reflecting notable innovations that have reshaped its landscape.

• Plant-Based Pizza: With the increasing demand for plant-based food products, many pizza companies are now offering plant-based pizza options. This innovation has helped the industry to cater to the growing demand for vegan and vegetarian food products.
• Gluten-Free Pizza: The rise in the number of people with gluten intolerance has led to the development of gluten-free pizza. This innovation has helped the industry to cater to the needs of people with gluten intolerance.
• Online Ordering and Delivery: Many pizza companies are now offering online ordering and delivery services, which has made it easier for customers to order pizza. This innovation has helped the industry to increase its customer base and revenue.
• Customizable Pizza: Many pizza companies are now offering customizable pizza options, which has helped the industry to cater to the diverse needs of customers.
• Gourmet Pizza: The rise in the popularity of gourmet food products has led to the development of gourmet pizza. This innovation has helped the industry to cater to the growing demand for high-quality and unique pizza options.

This section provides an extensive list of essential materials, equipment and services that are integral to the daily operations and success of the Pizza (Wholesale) industry. It highlights the primary inputs that Pizza (Wholesale) professionals rely on to perform their core tasks effectively, offering a valuable resource for understanding the critical components that drive industry activities.

Material

Cheese Blends: Different cheese blends, such as mozzarella and provolone, are vital for creating the signature taste and texture of pizzas, making them a staple in wholesale distribution.

Dough Mixes: High-quality dough mixes are essential for producing consistent pizza bases, allowing businesses to maintain quality while saving time in preparation.

Frozen Pizza Products: Frozen pizzas and pizza kits are significant for wholesalers, providing ready-to-cook options for retailers and restaurants looking to offer convenience to their customers.

Ingredient Seasonings: Seasonings such as oregano, garlic powder, and crushed red pepper are important for enhancing the flavor profiles of pizzas, allowing for customization based on regional preferences.

Pizza Boxes: Sturdy pizza boxes are essential for packaging and delivering pizzas, ensuring they remain hot and intact during transport to restaurants and retail outlets.

Pizza Crusts: Pre-made pizza crusts are essential for quick assembly and consistent quality, allowing wholesalers to provide a variety of crust options to their clients.

Pizza Sauces: Various types of pizza sauces, including marinara and white sauce, are crucial for flavoring pizzas and are sourced in bulk to meet diverse customer preferences.

Toppings: A wide range of toppings, including pepperoni, vegetables, and specialty items, are necessary for customizing pizzas and catering to various consumer tastes.

Service

Bulk Delivery Services: Reliable bulk delivery services are crucial for ensuring timely and efficient distribution of pizza products to various businesses, maintaining supply chain integrity.

Custom Recipe Development: Offering custom recipe development services helps clients create unique pizza offerings, enhancing their menu and attracting more customers.

Explore a detailed compilation of the unique products and services offered by the Pizza (Wholesale) industry. This section provides precise examples of how each item is utilized, showcasing the diverse capabilities and contributions of the Pizza (Wholesale) to its clients and markets. This section provides an extensive list of essential materials, equipment and services that are integral to the daily operations and success of the Pizza (Wholesale) industry. It highlights the primary inputs that Pizza (Wholesale) professionals rely on to perform their core tasks effectively, offering a valuable resource for understanding the critical components that drive industry activities.

Material

Cheese Blends: Various cheese blends, including mozzarella, provolone, and specialty cheeses, are offered in bulk to ensure that pizzerias can achieve the desired taste and texture in their pizzas. These products are vital for creating the perfect cheese pull that customers expect from quality pizzas.

Frozen Pizza Products: Frozen pizzas and pizza kits are supplied to grocery stores and restaurants, providing a convenient option for customers looking for quick meal solutions. These products are designed for easy preparation and are popular among busy families and individuals.

Pizza Boxes: Wholesale distributors provide pizza boxes in various sizes and designs, which are essential for packaging and delivering pizzas. These boxes are designed to keep pizzas warm and intact during transport, ensuring customer satisfaction.

Pizza Crusts: These pre-made pizza crusts are produced in various styles, including thin, thick, and stuffed, allowing restaurants and cafes to quickly assemble pizzas without the need for extensive preparation. They are essential for pizzerias looking to streamline their operations and offer consistent quality.

Pizza Dough: Bulk pizza dough is supplied to businesses, allowing them to save time and labor costs associated with making dough from scratch. This product is essential for maintaining consistency in pizza preparation and ensuring quality across multiple locations.

Pizza Prep Equipment: Equipment such as dough rollers, pizza ovens, and cutting tools are provided to help businesses efficiently prepare and serve pizzas. This equipment is vital for maintaining high standards of quality and speed in pizza production.

Pizza Sauces: Wholesale distributors provide a range of pizza sauces, from traditional tomato-based to specialty sauces like pesto or barbecue. These sauces are crucial for flavoring pizzas and are often used by restaurants to create signature dishes that appeal to their customers.

Pizza Seasonings: Wholesale suppliers offer a range of pizza seasonings, including oregano, garlic powder, and crushed red pepper, which enhance the flavor profile of pizzas. These seasonings are essential for achieving the authentic taste that customers expect.

Pizza Toppings: A wide selection of toppings, including pepperoni, vegetables, and gourmet options like truffle oil or artisanal meats, are available for wholesale purchase. These toppings allow businesses to customize their offerings and cater to diverse customer preferences.

Specialty Ingredients: A variety of specialty ingredients, such as unique spices and gourmet toppings, are available for wholesale purchase. These ingredients allow pizzerias to create signature dishes that stand out in the marketplace.

Service

Custom Pizza Creation Services: Some wholesalers offer custom pizza creation services, allowing clients to develop unique recipes tailored to their target market. This service helps businesses differentiate themselves in a competitive market by providing exclusive menu items.

Delivery Services: Some wholesalers offer delivery services for their products, ensuring that restaurants receive their supplies promptly. This service is crucial for maintaining inventory levels and minimizing disruptions in food preparation.

Recipe Development Assistance: Wholesalers may provide recipe development assistance to help restaurants create unique pizza offerings. This service includes guidance on ingredient combinations and cooking techniques to enhance the overall dining experience.

Training and Support Services: Some wholesalers offer training and support services for their clients, helping them to optimize their pizza-making processes and improve overall efficiency. This service is beneficial for new businesses looking to establish themselves in the market.

A thorough examination of the Pizza (Wholesale) industry’s external dynamics, focusing on the political, economic, social, technological, legal, and environmental factors that shape its operations and strategic direction.

Political Factors

Economic Factors

Social Factors

Technological Factors

Legal Factors

Economical Factors

An in-depth look at the Pizza (Wholesale) industry's value chain, highlighting its role, key activities, and efficiency strategies, along with its unique value drivers and competitive strengths.

Value Chain Position

Category: Distributor
Value Stage: Intermediate
Description: Pizza (Wholesale) operates as a distributor within the food supply chain, focusing on the wholesale distribution of pizza and related products to various businesses. This industry engages in purchasing bulk ingredients and finished products from manufacturers and supplying them to restaurants, cafes, and grocery stores.

Upstream Industries

Downstream Industries

Primary Activities

Inbound Logistics: Inbound logistics involve receiving bulk pizza ingredients and products from suppliers, including frozen vegetables, cheese, and crusts. Effective storage practices include maintaining proper temperature controls to preserve ingredient quality, while inventory management systems track stock levels to prevent shortages. Quality control measures ensure that all received products meet safety and quality standards, addressing challenges such as spoilage through efficient inventory turnover.

Operations: Core operations include the sorting, packaging, and distribution of pizza products to various clients. Quality management practices involve regular inspections of products to ensure they meet industry standards. Industry-standard procedures include maintaining temperature controls during storage and transportation to preserve product integrity, with key considerations focused on minimizing waste and ensuring timely deliveries.

Outbound Logistics: Outbound logistics encompass the distribution of pizza products to clients using refrigerated trucks to maintain product quality during transit. Common practices include route optimization for efficient delivery schedules and ensuring compliance with food safety regulations to preserve the integrity of the products during transportation.

Marketing & Sales: Marketing strategies often involve building relationships with local restaurants and food service providers through direct outreach and participation in food industry trade shows. Customer relationship practices focus on providing exceptional service and support, while value communication methods emphasize the quality and reliability of products. Sales processes typically involve personalized consultations to understand client needs and preferences.

Support Activities

Infrastructure: Management systems in the industry include inventory management software that tracks stock levels and sales data. Organizational structures often consist of distribution centers that facilitate efficient operations and logistics. Planning systems are crucial for coordinating supply chain activities and ensuring timely deliveries to clients.

Human Resource Management: Workforce requirements include trained personnel for logistics and customer service roles, with practices focusing on ongoing training in food safety and customer relations. Development approaches may involve workshops to enhance skills in inventory management and distribution processes, ensuring staff are well-equipped to meet industry demands.

Technology Development: Key technologies include advanced inventory tracking systems and temperature-controlled transportation solutions. Innovation practices focus on adopting new logistics technologies to enhance efficiency and reduce waste. Industry-standard systems often involve data analytics for optimizing supply chain operations and improving customer service.

Procurement: Sourcing strategies involve establishing long-term relationships with reliable suppliers for consistent quality and timely deliveries. Supplier relationship management is critical for negotiating favorable terms and ensuring compliance with quality standards, while purchasing practices emphasize bulk buying to reduce costs.

Value Chain Efficiency

Process Efficiency: Operational effectiveness is measured through delivery times and order accuracy, with common efficiency measures including tracking inventory turnover rates and customer satisfaction scores. Industry benchmarks are established based on average delivery times and service levels within the wholesale food distribution sector.

Integration Efficiency: Coordination methods involve regular communication between suppliers, distributors, and customers to align on inventory levels and delivery schedules. Communication systems often include digital platforms for real-time updates on order status and market demand, enhancing responsiveness and efficiency.

Resource Utilization: Resource management practices focus on optimizing transportation routes to minimize fuel costs and reduce delivery times. Optimization approaches may involve using data analytics to forecast demand and adjust inventory levels accordingly, adhering to industry standards for sustainability and efficiency.

Value Chain Summary

Key Value Drivers: Primary sources of value creation include high-quality ingredients, efficient logistics, and strong relationships with clients. Critical success factors involve maintaining product quality and reliability in supply, as well as responsiveness to customer needs.

Competitive Position: Sources of competitive advantage include the ability to offer a diverse range of high-quality pizza products and exceptional customer service. Industry positioning is influenced by local market dynamics and relationships with key clients, impacting overall market share.

Challenges & Opportunities: Current industry challenges include fluctuating ingredient prices, supply chain disruptions, and increasing competition from local producers. Future trends may involve growing demand for healthier and specialty pizzas, presenting opportunities for distributors to diversify their offerings and enhance market presence.

A focused SWOT analysis that examines the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats facing the Pizza (Wholesale) industry within the US market. This section provides insights into current conditions, strategic interactions, and future growth potential.

Strengths

Industry Infrastructure and Resources: The industry benefits from a well-established infrastructure that includes specialized distribution centers, refrigerated transport systems, and robust logistics networks. This strong infrastructure supports efficient operations, allowing for timely delivery of products to clients such as restaurants and grocery stores, which is crucial in meeting consumer demand.

Technological Capabilities: Technological advancements in inventory management and order processing systems provide significant advantages. The industry is characterized by a moderate level of innovation, with companies adopting software solutions that enhance operational efficiency and improve customer service, ensuring competitiveness in the market.

Market Position: The industry holds a strong position within the broader food distribution sector, with a notable market share in supplying pizza-related products. Brand recognition and established relationships with key clients contribute to its competitive strength, although there is ongoing pressure from alternative food distribution channels.

Financial Health: Financial performance across the industry is generally strong, with many companies reporting healthy profit margins and stable revenue growth. The financial health is supported by consistent demand for pizza products, although fluctuations in ingredient prices can impact profitability.

Supply Chain Advantages: The industry enjoys robust supply chain networks that facilitate efficient procurement of pizza ingredients from manufacturers. Strong relationships with suppliers and distributors enhance operational efficiency, allowing for timely delivery of products to market and reducing costs associated with inventory management.

Workforce Expertise: The labor force in this industry is skilled and knowledgeable, with many workers having specialized training in food distribution and logistics. This expertise contributes to high operational standards and efficiency, although there is a need for ongoing training to keep pace with industry advancements.

Weaknesses

Structural Inefficiencies: Some companies face structural inefficiencies due to outdated logistics systems or inadequate facility layouts, leading to increased operational costs. These inefficiencies can hinder competitiveness, particularly when compared to more modernized operations that utilize advanced technologies.

Cost Structures: The industry grapples with rising costs associated with raw materials, labor, and compliance with food safety regulations. These cost pressures can squeeze profit margins, necessitating careful management of pricing strategies and operational efficiencies to maintain competitiveness.

Technology Gaps: While some companies are technologically advanced, others lag in adopting new logistics and inventory management technologies. This gap can result in lower productivity and higher operational costs, impacting overall competitiveness in the market.

Resource Limitations: The industry is vulnerable to fluctuations in the availability of key ingredients, particularly due to agricultural challenges and supply chain disruptions. These resource limitations can disrupt production schedules and impact product availability for clients.

Regulatory Compliance Issues: Navigating the complex landscape of food safety and distribution regulations poses challenges for many companies. Compliance costs can be significant, and failure to meet regulatory standards can lead to penalties and reputational damage.

Market Access Barriers: Entering new markets can be challenging due to established competition and regulatory hurdles. Companies may face difficulties in gaining distribution agreements or meeting local regulatory requirements, limiting growth opportunities.

Opportunities

Market Growth Potential: There is significant potential for market growth driven by increasing consumer demand for convenience foods, including pizza. The trend towards frozen and ready-to-eat pizza products presents opportunities for companies to expand their offerings and capture new market segments.

Emerging Technologies: Advancements in food preservation and packaging technologies offer opportunities for enhancing product quality and extending shelf life. These technologies can lead to increased efficiency and reduced waste, benefiting wholesale distributors.

Economic Trends: Favorable economic conditions, including rising disposable incomes and a growing preference for dining out, support growth in the pizza wholesale market. As consumers prioritize convenience and quality, demand for pizza products is expected to rise.

Regulatory Changes: Potential regulatory changes aimed at promoting food safety and quality could benefit the industry. Companies that adapt to these changes by enhancing their compliance measures may gain a competitive edge.

Consumer Behavior Shifts: Shifts in consumer preferences towards healthier and gourmet pizza options create opportunities for growth. Companies that align their product offerings with these trends can attract a broader customer base and enhance brand loyalty.

Threats

Competitive Pressures: Intense competition from both domestic and international players poses a significant threat to market share. Companies must continuously innovate and differentiate their products to maintain a competitive edge in a crowded marketplace.

Economic Uncertainties: Economic fluctuations, including inflation and changes in consumer spending habits, can impact demand for pizza products. Companies must remain agile to adapt to these uncertainties and mitigate potential impacts on sales.

Regulatory Challenges: The potential for stricter regulations regarding food safety and labeling can pose challenges for the industry. Companies must invest in compliance measures to avoid penalties and ensure product safety.

Technological Disruption: Emerging technologies in alternative food products could disrupt the market for traditional pizza offerings. Companies need to monitor these trends closely and innovate to stay relevant.

Environmental Concerns: Increasing scrutiny on environmental sustainability practices poses challenges for the industry. Companies must adopt sustainable practices to meet consumer expectations and regulatory requirements.

SWOT Summary

Strategic Position: The industry currently enjoys a strong market position, bolstered by robust consumer demand for pizza products. However, challenges such as rising costs and competitive pressures necessitate strategic innovation and adaptation to maintain growth. The future trajectory appears promising, with opportunities for expansion into new markets and product lines, provided that companies can navigate the complexities of regulatory compliance and supply chain management.

Key Interactions

Growth Potential: The growth prospects for the industry are robust, driven by increasing consumer demand for convenience foods, particularly pizza. Key growth drivers include the rising popularity of frozen and ready-to-eat pizza products, advancements in food preservation technologies, and favorable economic conditions. Market expansion opportunities exist in both domestic and international markets, particularly as consumers seek out convenient meal options. However, challenges such as resource limitations and regulatory compliance must be addressed to fully realize this potential. The timeline for growth realization is projected over the next five to ten years, contingent on successful adaptation to market trends and consumer preferences.

Risk Assessment: The overall risk level for the industry is moderate, with key risk factors including economic uncertainties, competitive pressures, and supply chain vulnerabilities. Industry players must be vigilant in monitoring external threats, such as changes in consumer behavior and regulatory landscapes. Effective risk management strategies, including diversification of suppliers and investment in technology, can mitigate potential impacts. Long-term risk management approaches should focus on sustainability and adaptability to changing market conditions. The timeline for risk evolution is ongoing, necessitating proactive measures to safeguard against emerging threats.

Strategic Recommendations

An exploration of how geographic and site-specific factors impact the operations of the Pizza (Wholesale) industry in the US, focusing on location, topography, climate, vegetation, zoning, infrastructure, and cultural context.

Location: Operations thrive in urban and suburban areas with high concentrations of restaurants and food service establishments, such as metropolitan regions like New York City and Los Angeles. These locations provide proximity to a large customer base, facilitating quick delivery times and efficient distribution. Additionally, regions with a strong pizza culture, such as Chicago and New York, create a favorable environment for wholesale pizza distribution due to the high demand for pizza-related products.

Topography: Flat terrain is ideal for pizza wholesale operations, allowing for the construction of large warehouses and distribution centers. Urban areas with accessible road networks enable efficient transportation of products to various clients. In contrast, hilly or mountainous regions may pose logistical challenges for delivery routes, increasing transportation costs and time. Therefore, selecting locations with favorable topography is crucial for optimizing distribution efficiency.

Climate: The climate can impact the storage and delivery of pizza products, particularly in regions with extreme temperatures. For instance, hot and humid climates may require enhanced refrigeration systems to maintain product quality during storage and transport. Seasonal variations, such as increased demand during colder months, necessitate strategic planning for inventory management and distribution to meet fluctuating customer needs. Adaptation to local climate conditions is essential for maintaining operational efficiency.

Vegetation: Vegetation management is important for maintaining clear access routes and ensuring compliance with local environmental regulations. In areas with dense vegetation, facilities may need to implement measures to prevent pest infestations that could affect food safety. Additionally, maintaining a buffer of vegetation around facilities can help mitigate noise and odor concerns, fostering better community relations. Understanding local ecosystems is vital for sustainable operations in this industry.

Zoning and Land Use: Zoning regulations typically require commercial or industrial designations for pizza wholesale operations, with specific allowances for food distribution activities. Local land use regulations may dictate the proximity of facilities to residential areas, impacting operational expansion plans. Permits for food handling and storage are essential, and compliance with health and safety standards is strictly enforced. Variations in zoning laws across regions can affect the establishment and growth of wholesale operations.

Infrastructure: Robust infrastructure is critical for pizza wholesale operations, including reliable transportation networks for timely deliveries. Access to major highways and roads is essential for efficient logistics. Additionally, facilities require adequate utility services, such as electricity and water, to support refrigeration and storage needs. Communication infrastructure is also important for order management and customer service, ensuring seamless operations and responsiveness to client demands.

Cultural and Historical: The acceptance of pizza wholesale operations is often influenced by local culinary traditions and community attitudes towards food businesses. In regions with a rich pizza heritage, such as New York and Chicago, there is generally strong community support for wholesale operations. However, concerns about traffic and noise may arise in densely populated areas, necessitating proactive community engagement efforts. Historical ties to local food culture can enhance the reputation and acceptance of wholesale pizza distributors.

A detailed overview of the Pizza (Wholesale) industry’s market dynamics, competitive landscape, and operational conditions, highlighting the unique factors influencing its day-to-day activities.

Market Overview

Market Size: Medium

Description: This industry focuses on the wholesale distribution of pizza and related products, including pizza crusts, toppings, sauces, and other ingredients, primarily to businesses such as restaurants, cafes, and grocery stores. Operations involve purchasing these products in bulk from manufacturers and delivering them to clients.

Market Stage: Growth. The industry is experiencing growth due to increasing demand for convenience foods and the expansion of the food service sector, with operators adapting to trends in consumer preferences for diverse pizza offerings.

Geographic Distribution: Regional. Distribution centers are typically located near urban areas to facilitate quick delivery to restaurants and grocery stores, with significant concentrations in metropolitan regions where demand for pizza is highest.

Characteristics

Market Structure

Market Concentration: Fragmented. The market is characterized by a large number of small to medium-sized wholesalers, with a few larger players dominating certain regional markets, leading to a competitive landscape.

Segments

Distribution Channels

Success Factors

Demand Analysis

Demand Drivers

Competitive Landscape

Entry Barriers

Business Models

Operating Environment