Tools commonly used in the Aircraft Salvage (Wholesale) industry for day-to-day tasks and operations.

• Aircraft jacks
• Hydraulic power units
• Sheet metal tools
• Rivet guns
• Drills
• Grinders
• Welding equipment
• Paint sprayers
• Inspection equipment
• Cutting tools

Common products and services typical of NAICS Code 423930-01, illustrating the main business activities and contributions to the market.

• Aircraft engines
• Avionics equipment
• Landing gear
• Propellers
• Wing assemblies
• Cockpit instruments
• Hydraulic systems
• Electrical components
• Fuel systems
• Cabin interiors

The specific certifications, permits, licenses, and regulatory compliance requirements within the United States for this industry.

• Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Aircraft Salvage Dealer License: This license is required for businesses that buy, sell, or broker aircraft salvage. It ensures that the business is knowledgeable about the regulations and safety requirements for handling aircraft salvage. The FAA provides this license.
• Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER) Certification: This certification is required for employees who handle hazardous waste. It ensures that employees are trained to handle hazardous waste safely and in compliance with OSHA regulations. OSHA provides this certification.
• Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Hazardous Waste Generator ID Number: This ID number is required for businesses that generate hazardous waste. It ensures that the business is in compliance with EPA regulations for the handling, storage, and disposal of hazardous waste. The EPA provides this ID number.
• International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations (DGR) Certification: This certification is required for businesses that transport dangerous goods by air. It ensures that the business is knowledgeable about the regulations and safety requirements for handling dangerous goods. IATA provides this certification.
• National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 410 Standard for Aircraft Maintenance: This standard provides guidelines for the safe maintenance of aircraft. It ensures that businesses are knowledgeable about the regulations and safety requirements for aircraft maintenance. The NFPA provides this standard.

A concise historical narrative of NAICS Code 423930-01 covering global milestones and recent developments within the United States.

• The Aircraft Salvage (Wholesale) industry has a long history dating back to the early 20th century. During World War I, the industry emerged as a way to recover and reuse damaged aircraft parts. The industry continued to grow during World War II, as the demand for aircraft parts increased. In the post-war period, the industry shifted its focus to commercial aircraft, and the demand for salvage parts continued to grow. In recent years, the industry has faced challenges due to the increasing use of composite materials in aircraft construction, which are more difficult to salvage and recycle. However, the industry has adapted to these changes and continues to play an important role in the aviation industry. In the United States, the Aircraft Salvage (Wholesale) industry has a more recent history. The industry emerged in the 1970s as a way to recover and recycle aircraft parts. In the 1980s, the industry experienced significant growth due to the increasing demand for aircraft parts and the development of new technologies for salvaging and recycling parts. In the 1990s, the industry faced challenges due to the increasing use of composite materials in aircraft construction. However, the industry has adapted to these changes and continues to play an important role in the aviation industry.

The anticipated future trajectory of the NAICS 423930-01 industry in the USA, offering insights into potential trends, innovations, and challenges expected to shape its landscape.

• Growth Prediction: Stable

  The future outlook for the Aircraft Salvage (Wholesale) industry in the USA is positive. The industry is expected to grow in the coming years due to the increasing demand for aircraft parts and the rising number of aircraft retirements. The industry is also expected to benefit from the growing trend of sustainable aviation, which is driving the demand for recycled aircraft parts. Additionally, the increasing use of drones and other unmanned aerial vehicles is expected to create new opportunities for the industry. However, the industry may face challenges such as the high cost of acquiring and storing aircraft parts, as well as the increasing competition from other salvage industries. Overall, the industry is expected to experience steady growth in the coming years.

Recent groundbreaking advancements and milestones in the Aircraft Salvage (Wholesale) industry, reflecting notable innovations that have reshaped its landscape.

• Use Of Advanced Technologies for Aircraft Dismantling: The industry is adopting advanced technologies such as robotics and automation to improve the efficiency and safety of aircraft dismantling. These technologies enable the industry to dismantle aircraft more quickly and safely, reducing the risk of accidents and injuries.
• Development Of New Recycling Techniques: The industry is developing new recycling techniques to extract more value from aircraft parts. For example, some companies are using chemical processes to extract valuable metals from aircraft parts, while others are using 3D printing to create new parts from recycled materials.
• Expansion Of Global Market: The industry is expanding its global market by exporting aircraft parts to other countries. This is driven by the increasing demand for aircraft parts in emerging markets such as China and India, as well as the growing trend of sustainable aviation.
• Collaboration with Airlines and Manufacturers: The industry is collaborating with airlines and aircraft manufacturers to improve the efficiency and sustainability of aircraft dismantling. For example, some airlines are partnering with salvage companies to recycle their retired aircraft, while some manufacturers are designing aircraft with easier-to-dismantle parts.
• Adoption Of Sustainable Practices: The industry is adopting sustainable practices such as reducing waste and emissions, and using renewable energy sources. This is driven by the increasing demand for sustainable aviation and the need to comply with environmental regulations.

This section provides an extensive list of essential materials, equipment and services that are integral to the daily operations and success of the Aircraft Salvage (Wholesale) industry. It highlights the primary inputs that Aircraft Salvage (Wholesale) professionals rely on to perform their core tasks effectively, offering a valuable resource for understanding the critical components that drive industry activities.

Material

Aircraft Parts: Used or damaged aircraft components such as wings, engines, and fuselage sections that can be refurbished and resold for maintenance and repair purposes.

Aircraft Tires: Specialized tires designed for aircraft that can be salvaged and reused, providing significant cost savings for operators.

Avionics Equipment: Electronic systems used in aircraft for communication, navigation, and monitoring, which are crucial for ensuring operational safety and efficiency.

Composite Materials: Advanced materials used in aircraft construction that can be salvaged and repurposed for various applications, enhancing sustainability.

Control Surfaces: Movable parts of the aircraft wings and tail that control flight direction, often salvaged to provide cost-effective solutions for repairs.

Electrical Wiring Harnesses: Assemblies of wires that connect various electrical components in an aircraft, essential for ensuring proper functionality and safety.

Fuel Systems: Components that manage the storage and delivery of fuel to the aircraft engines, essential for maintaining operational functionality.

Interior Cabin Parts: Salvaged items such as seats, panels, and overhead bins that can be refurbished and sold to enhance the passenger experience in aircraft.

Landing Gear Assemblies: Critical components that support the aircraft during landing and takeoff, often salvaged for reuse to reduce costs for operators.

Propellers: Rotating blades that provide thrust for aircraft, which can be salvaged and refurbished for continued use in various aircraft models.

Safety Equipment: Items such as emergency slides and oxygen masks that are salvaged and refurbished for resale, critical for maintaining safety standards in aircraft.

Service

Inventory Management Solutions: Systems and services that help track and manage the stock of salvaged aircraft parts, optimizing the supply chain and reducing waste.

Logistics and Transportation Services: Essential services that facilitate the movement of salvaged parts from the salvage site to buyers, ensuring timely delivery and operational efficiency.

Parts Inspection Services: Services that assess the condition and functionality of salvaged aircraft parts to ensure they meet safety and regulatory standards before resale.

Recycling Services for Non-usable Parts: Services that ensure the environmentally responsible disposal or recycling of parts that cannot be salvaged, contributing to sustainability efforts.

Explore a detailed compilation of the unique products and services offered by the Aircraft Salvage (Wholesale) industry. This section provides precise examples of how each item is utilized, showcasing the diverse capabilities and contributions of the Aircraft Salvage (Wholesale) to its clients and markets. This section provides an extensive list of essential materials, equipment and services that are integral to the daily operations and success of the Aircraft Salvage (Wholesale) industry. It highlights the primary inputs that Aircraft Salvage (Wholesale) professionals rely on to perform their core tasks effectively, offering a valuable resource for understanding the critical components that drive industry activities.

Material

Aircraft Control Surfaces: Control surfaces such as ailerons, elevators, and rudders are salvaged and refurbished for resale. These parts are crucial for aircraft maneuverability and are often sought after by maintenance facilities.

Aircraft Fuselages: Salvaged fuselages can be repurposed for various uses, including training purposes or as parts for other aircraft. They are stripped of usable components and sold to clients needing specific parts.

Aircraft Landing Gear: Landing gear components are critical for aircraft safety and operation. Salvaged landing gear is inspected and refurbished to meet safety standards, offering a reliable option for maintenance and repairs.

Aircraft Lighting Systems: This includes landing lights, navigation lights, and cockpit lighting that are salvaged and refurbished. These systems are essential for safe aircraft operation and are often purchased by maintenance facilities.

Aircraft Tires: Used aircraft tires are salvaged and inspected for wear and tear. They are often resold to operators looking for cost-effective solutions for tire replacements, ensuring safety and performance.

Airframe Components: Various structural components of the aircraft, such as bulkheads and stringers, are salvaged and sold. These parts are essential for repairs and modifications, providing cost-effective solutions for operators.

Avionics Equipment: This includes various electronic systems used for communication, navigation, and monitoring within aircraft. Salvaged avionics are tested and certified, providing a budget-friendly solution for airlines and private operators.

Electrical Systems: This includes wiring, circuit boards, and other electrical components salvaged from aircraft. These systems are tested and refurbished, providing essential parts for aircraft maintenance and repair.

Fuel Systems: Salvaged fuel tanks and associated components are inspected for safety and functionality. These parts are essential for aircraft operation and are sold to operators looking to maintain their fleets.

Hydraulic Systems: Salvaged hydraulic components, including pumps and actuators, are inspected and refurbished for resale. These parts are crucial for aircraft control systems and are sought after by maintenance providers.

Interior Cabin Parts: This includes seats, panels, and other interior components that can be salvaged and refurbished. Airlines and maintenance providers often purchase these items to upgrade or repair existing aircraft interiors.

Propellers: Salvaged propellers are refurbished and sold to operators needing replacements. These components are critical for aircraft performance and are carefully inspected to ensure they meet operational standards.

Safety Equipment: This includes salvaged emergency equipment such as life vests and oxygen masks that are inspected and certified for resale. Airlines often purchase these items to ensure compliance with safety regulations.

Used Aircraft Engines: These engines are salvaged from decommissioned aircraft and are often refurbished for resale. They provide cost-effective alternatives for operators looking to replace or repair their aircraft without the expense of new engines.

Wings and Wing Components: Wings are essential for flight, and salvaged wings can be refurbished and sold to operators needing replacements. These components undergo rigorous inspection to ensure they meet safety regulations.

A thorough examination of the Aircraft Salvage (Wholesale) industry’s external dynamics, focusing on the political, economic, social, technological, legal, and environmental factors that shape its operations and strategic direction.

Political Factors

Economic Factors

Social Factors

Technological Factors

Legal Factors

Economical Factors

An in-depth look at the Aircraft Salvage (Wholesale) industry's value chain, highlighting its role, key activities, and efficiency strategies, along with its unique value drivers and competitive strengths.

Value Chain Position

Category: Distributor
Value Stage: Final
Description: The industry operates as a distributor, focusing on the wholesale buying and selling of used or damaged aircraft parts and equipment. This role involves sourcing salvaged materials, assessing their condition, and providing them to various customers, including repair shops and aircraft operators.

Upstream Industries

Downstream Industries

Primary Activities

Inbound Logistics: Inbound logistics involve the careful assessment and handling of salvaged aircraft parts upon arrival. This includes inspecting parts for quality and functionality, as well as managing storage in a way that preserves their condition. Inventory management practices often utilize specialized software to track parts and ensure efficient retrieval when needed.

Operations: Core operations include the evaluation, categorization, and refurbishment of salvaged aircraft parts. This process involves detailed inspections, testing for safety compliance, and ensuring that parts meet industry standards. Quality management practices are critical, with regular audits and adherence to regulatory requirements guiding operations.

Outbound Logistics: Outbound logistics focus on the distribution of salvaged parts to customers, utilizing specialized transportation methods to ensure that parts are delivered safely and efficiently. This may involve temperature-controlled environments for sensitive components and tracking systems to monitor delivery status.

Marketing & Sales: Marketing strategies often include participation in aviation trade shows, online platforms, and direct outreach to repair facilities and manufacturers. Building strong customer relationships is essential, with practices focusing on transparency about part quality and availability. Sales processes typically involve consultations to understand customer needs and provide tailored solutions.

Support Activities

Infrastructure: Management systems in the industry include inventory management software that tracks the condition and availability of salvaged parts. Organizational structures may consist of teams specializing in procurement, quality assurance, and customer service, ensuring efficient operations and responsiveness to market demands.

Human Resource Management: Workforce requirements include skilled technicians for evaluating and refurbishing aircraft parts. Training programs often focus on safety standards, regulatory compliance, and technical skills necessary for working with aviation components. Continuous professional development is emphasized to keep staff updated on industry advancements.

Technology Development: Key technologies include advanced diagnostic tools for assessing the condition of salvaged parts and software for inventory management. Innovation practices may involve developing new methods for refurbishing parts to extend their usability, while industry-standard systems ensure compliance with aviation regulations.

Procurement: Sourcing strategies involve establishing relationships with aircraft operators and salvage yards to acquire parts. Supplier relationship management is crucial for ensuring a steady flow of quality salvaged materials, while purchasing practices emphasize thorough inspections and compliance with safety standards.

Value Chain Efficiency

Process Efficiency: Operational effectiveness is measured through turnaround times for salvaged parts and the rate of successful refurbishments. Efficiency measures may include tracking the cost per part and the time taken from acquisition to sale, with benchmarks set against industry standards.

Integration Efficiency: Coordination methods involve close communication between procurement, operations, and sales teams to align on inventory levels and customer demand. Communication systems often utilize digital platforms for real-time updates on part availability and order status, facilitating smooth operations.

Resource Utilization: Resource management practices focus on optimizing the use of salvaged materials to minimize waste and maximize value recovery. Optimization approaches may include analyzing the lifecycle of parts to determine the best refurbishment methods, adhering to industry standards for sustainability.

Value Chain Summary

Key Value Drivers: Primary sources of value creation include the ability to source high-quality salvaged parts and the expertise in refurbishing them to meet safety standards. Critical success factors involve maintaining strong supplier relationships and ensuring compliance with aviation regulations.

Competitive Position: Sources of competitive advantage include a well-established network of suppliers and customers, as well as a reputation for quality and reliability in the refurbishment of aircraft parts. Industry positioning is influenced by regulatory compliance and the ability to adapt to changing market demands.

Challenges & Opportunities: Current industry challenges include fluctuating demand for salvaged parts and the need for stringent quality controls. Future trends may involve increased emphasis on sustainability and recycling within the aviation sector, presenting opportunities for growth and innovation in the salvage industry.

A focused SWOT analysis that examines the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats facing the Aircraft Salvage (Wholesale) industry within the US market. This section provides insights into current conditions, strategic interactions, and future growth potential.

Strengths

Industry Infrastructure and Resources: The industry benefits from a robust infrastructure that includes specialized facilities for dismantling and storing aircraft parts. This strong infrastructure supports efficient operations and enhances the ability to recover valuable materials, with many companies investing in advanced equipment to streamline processes.

Technological Capabilities: Technological advancements in aircraft dismantling and recycling processes provide significant advantages. The industry is characterized by a moderate level of innovation, with companies employing specialized techniques to maximize the recovery of usable parts while minimizing waste, ensuring competitiveness in the market.

Market Position: The industry holds a strong position within the broader recycling and salvage sectors, with a notable market share in the supply of used aircraft parts. Brand recognition and established relationships with airlines and maintenance providers contribute to its competitive strength, although there is ongoing pressure from alternative suppliers.

Financial Health: Financial performance across the industry is generally strong, with many companies reporting healthy profit margins driven by consistent demand for used aircraft parts. The financial health is supported by the high value of salvaged materials, although fluctuations in the aviation market can impact profitability.

Supply Chain Advantages: The industry enjoys robust supply chain networks that facilitate efficient procurement of aircraft for salvage. Strong relationships with airlines and maintenance organizations enhance operational efficiency, allowing for timely recovery and distribution of parts, thus reducing costs.

Workforce Expertise: The labor force in this industry is skilled and knowledgeable, with many workers having specialized training in aviation mechanics and salvage operations. This expertise contributes to high standards of safety and operational efficiency, although there is a need for ongoing training to keep pace with technological advancements.

Weaknesses

Structural Inefficiencies: Some companies face structural inefficiencies due to outdated salvage processes or inadequate facility layouts, leading to increased operational costs. These inefficiencies can hinder competitiveness, particularly when compared to more modernized operations.

Cost Structures: The industry grapples with rising costs associated with labor, compliance, and the maintenance of specialized equipment. These cost pressures can squeeze profit margins, necessitating careful management of pricing strategies and operational efficiencies.

Technology Gaps: While some companies are technologically advanced, others lag in adopting new salvage technologies. This gap can result in lower productivity and higher operational costs, impacting overall competitiveness in the market.

Resource Limitations: The industry is vulnerable to fluctuations in the availability of aircraft for salvage, particularly due to changes in aviation regulations and market dynamics. These resource limitations can disrupt operational schedules and impact the availability of parts.

Regulatory Compliance Issues: Navigating the complex landscape of aviation regulations poses challenges for many companies. Compliance costs can be significant, and failure to meet regulatory standards can lead to penalties and reputational damage.

Market Access Barriers: Entering new markets can be challenging due to established competition and regulatory hurdles. Companies may face difficulties in gaining salvage contracts or meeting local regulatory requirements, limiting growth opportunities.

Opportunities

Market Growth Potential: There is significant potential for market growth driven by increasing demand for sustainable aviation practices and the recycling of aircraft materials. The trend towards environmental responsibility presents opportunities for companies to expand their offerings and capture new market segments.

Emerging Technologies: Advancements in recycling technologies, such as improved methods for extracting valuable materials from aircraft, offer opportunities for enhancing operational efficiency and profitability. These technologies can lead to increased recovery rates and reduced waste.

Economic Trends: Favorable economic conditions, including growth in the aviation sector and rising awareness of sustainability, support growth in the aircraft salvage market. As airlines prioritize cost-effective solutions, demand for salvaged parts is expected to rise.

Regulatory Changes: Potential regulatory changes aimed at promoting recycling and sustainability in aviation could benefit the industry. Companies that adapt to these changes by enhancing their recycling capabilities may gain a competitive edge.

Consumer Behavior Shifts: Shifts in consumer preferences towards environmentally friendly practices create opportunities for growth. Companies that align their operations with these trends can attract a broader customer base and enhance brand loyalty.

Threats

Competitive Pressures: Intense competition from both domestic and international salvage operators poses a significant threat to market share. Companies must continuously innovate and differentiate their services to maintain a competitive edge in a crowded marketplace.

Economic Uncertainties: Economic fluctuations, including changes in airline profitability and consumer spending habits, can impact demand for salvaged aircraft parts. Companies must remain agile to adapt to these uncertainties and mitigate potential impacts on sales.

Regulatory Challenges: The potential for stricter regulations regarding aviation safety and environmental standards can pose challenges for the industry. Companies must invest in compliance measures to avoid penalties and ensure operational viability.

Technological Disruption: Emerging technologies in alternative materials and manufacturing processes could disrupt the market for salvaged aircraft parts. Companies need to monitor these trends closely and innovate to stay relevant.

Environmental Concerns: Increasing scrutiny on environmental sustainability practices poses challenges for the industry. Companies must adopt sustainable practices to meet consumer expectations and regulatory requirements.

SWOT Summary

Strategic Position: The industry currently enjoys a strong market position, bolstered by robust demand for salvaged aircraft parts. However, challenges such as rising costs and competitive pressures necessitate strategic innovation and adaptation to maintain growth. The future trajectory appears promising, with opportunities for expansion into new markets and enhanced recycling capabilities, provided that companies can navigate the complexities of regulatory compliance and supply chain management.

Key Interactions

Growth Potential: The growth prospects for the industry are robust, driven by increasing demand for sustainable aviation practices and the recycling of aircraft materials. Key growth drivers include the rising popularity of eco-friendly practices, advancements in recycling technologies, and favorable economic conditions. Market expansion opportunities exist in both domestic and international markets, particularly as airlines seek cost-effective solutions. However, challenges such as regulatory compliance and resource limitations must be addressed to fully realize this potential. The timeline for growth realization is projected over the next five to ten years, contingent on successful adaptation to market trends and consumer preferences.

Risk Assessment: The overall risk level for the industry is moderate, with key risk factors including economic uncertainties, competitive pressures, and supply chain vulnerabilities. Industry players must be vigilant in monitoring external threats, such as changes in aviation regulations and consumer behavior. Effective risk management strategies, including diversification of suppliers and investment in technology, can mitigate potential impacts. Long-term risk management approaches should focus on sustainability and adaptability to changing market conditions. The timeline for risk evolution is ongoing, necessitating proactive measures to safeguard against emerging threats.

Strategic Recommendations

An exploration of how geographic and site-specific factors impact the operations of the Aircraft Salvage (Wholesale) industry in the US, focusing on location, topography, climate, vegetation, zoning, infrastructure, and cultural context.

Location: Operations are primarily located near major airports and aviation hubs, where the concentration of aircraft facilitates the acquisition of salvageable parts. Regions with a high density of aviation activity, such as California, Texas, and Florida, provide advantageous access to a steady supply of used aircraft. Proximity to these hubs allows for efficient logistics and transportation of salvaged materials to buyers across the country, enhancing operational efficiency and reducing costs associated with long-distance transport.

Topography: Flat terrain is essential for the establishment of salvage yards and warehouses, allowing for the easy maneuvering of heavy equipment and aircraft. Locations with ample space for dismantling operations and storage of salvaged parts are preferred. Areas with stable ground conditions minimize the risk of operational disruptions due to flooding or land instability, which is crucial for maintaining safety and efficiency in salvage operations.

Climate: Mild climates are favorable for outdoor salvage operations, as extreme weather can hinder the dismantling and storage processes. Regions with less precipitation reduce the risk of corrosion on salvaged parts, while areas with consistent temperatures help maintain the integrity of stored materials. Seasonal variations, such as winter storms or summer heatwaves, can impact operational schedules, necessitating flexible planning and climate-adaptive measures for outdoor facilities.

Vegetation: Vegetation management is crucial to ensure that salvage yards remain compliant with environmental regulations. Areas with minimal vegetation are preferred to reduce fire hazards and facilitate easier access for heavy machinery. Local ecosystems may require specific management practices to prevent disruption, and facilities often implement buffer zones to protect surrounding habitats while maintaining operational efficiency. Compliance with environmental standards regarding vegetation can influence site selection and operational practices.

Zoning and Land Use: Zoning regulations typically require heavy industrial designations for salvage operations, with specific allowances for the dismantling and storage of aircraft parts. Local land use regulations may impose restrictions on noise and emissions, necessitating compliance with environmental standards. Permits for hazardous material handling are often required due to the nature of salvaged aircraft components, and regional variations in zoning laws can affect operational flexibility and expansion opportunities.

Infrastructure: Robust transportation infrastructure is critical, with access to major highways and airports facilitating the movement of salvaged parts to buyers. Facilities require reliable utilities, including electricity and water, to support operations such as dismantling and cleaning of parts. Communication infrastructure is also essential for coordinating logistics and maintaining inventory systems. The presence of nearby repair shops and aviation services can enhance operational synergies and provide additional market opportunities.

Cultural and Historical: The community's perception of salvage operations can vary, with some regions embracing the economic benefits while others may express concerns about environmental impacts. Historical ties to aviation in certain areas can foster acceptance of salvage operations, as they contribute to local economies and job creation. Engaging with local communities through outreach programs can help address concerns and promote understanding of the industry's role in sustainable aviation practices.

A detailed overview of the Aircraft Salvage (Wholesale) industry’s market dynamics, competitive landscape, and operational conditions, highlighting the unique factors influencing its day-to-day activities.

Market Overview

Market Size: Medium

Description: This industry specializes in the wholesale distribution of used or damaged aircraft parts and equipment, focusing on the recovery and recycling of valuable materials from decommissioned or accident-involved aircraft. Operations include sourcing, inspecting, refurbishing, and selling these parts to various aviation businesses.

Market Stage: Growth. The industry is experiencing growth as more aircraft reach the end of their operational life, leading to increased demand for cost-effective used parts and materials. The trend towards sustainability and recycling in aviation further supports this growth.

Geographic Distribution: National. Operations are distributed across the United States, with concentrations near major airports and aviation hubs where decommissioned aircraft are more readily available for salvage.

Characteristics

Market Structure

Market Concentration: Fragmented. The industry features a fragmented structure with numerous small to medium-sized operators, each specializing in different types of aircraft or components, leading to a diverse marketplace.

Segments

Distribution Channels

Success Factors

Demand Analysis

Demand Drivers

Competitive Landscape

Entry Barriers

Business Models

Operating Environment