Companies in the Primary Smelting-Refining-Copper (Manufacturing) industry are involved in the extraction and purification of copper from copper ores and scrap materials. This process involves several stages, including smelting, refining, and casting. Smelting involves the heating of copper concentrate and/or scrap material to remove impurities and produce a molten copper product. Refining involves further purification of the molten copper through processes such as electrolysis or fire refining. The final stage of casting involves the shaping of the refined copper into various forms such as ingots, billets, or wire rods. This industry is essential for the production of copper, which is used in a wide range of applications including electrical wiring, plumbing, and construction materials.