Tools commonly used in the Jewelry Castings (Manufacturing) industry for day-to-day tasks and operations.

• Wax carving tools
• Casting machines
• Crucibles
• Burnout ovens
• Investment materials
• Polishing equipment
• Metal melting furnaces
• Casting molds
• Sprue cutters
• Casting torches

Common products and services typical of NAICS Code 339910-04, illustrating the main business activities and contributions to the market.

• Gold earrings
• Silver necklaces
• Bronze bracelets
• Copper pendants
• Brass rings
• Pewter brooches
• Stainless steel cufflinks
• Titanium anklets
• Aluminum tie clips
• Nickel keychains

The specific certifications, permits, licenses, and regulatory compliance requirements within the United States for this industry.

• Responsible Jewellery Council Certification: The Responsible Jewellery Council (RJC) is an international organization that promotes responsible ethical, human rights, social and environmental practices throughout the jewelry supply chain. The RJC certification is a voluntary certification that verifies that a company has met the RJC's standards for responsible business practices.
• Conflict-Free Diamond Certification: Conflict-free diamond certification is a certification that verifies that a diamond has been ethically sourced and does not contribute to conflict or human rights abuses. The Kimberley Process Certification Scheme (KPCS) is an international certification that regulates the trade of rough diamonds and ensures that they are conflict-free.
• Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Certification: OSHA is a US government agency that sets and enforces safety and health standards in the workplace. OSHA certification verifies that a company has met OSHA's standards for workplace safety and health.
• Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Certification: The EPA is a US government agency that sets and enforces environmental standards. EPA certification verifies that a company has met EPA's standards for environmental protection.
• National Institute for Metalworking Skills (NIMS) Certification: NIMS is a US organization that provides certification for metalworking skills. NIMS certification verifies that an individual has met NIMS's standards for metalworking skills.

A concise historical narrative of NAICS Code 339910-04 covering global milestones and recent developments within the United States.

• The history of jewelry casting dates back to ancient times, where it was used to create intricate designs and patterns in gold, silver, and bronze. The lost-wax casting technique was developed in the 3rd millennium BC and was used to create jewelry in ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome. In the Middle Ages, jewelry casting was used to create religious artifacts and decorative objects. During the Renaissance, jewelry casting became more sophisticated, and jewelers began to experiment with new techniques and materials. In the 19th century, the development of new alloys and the use of electricity in the casting process led to further advancements in the industry. In recent years, the use of computer-aided design (CAD) and 3D printing has revolutionized the jewelry casting industry, allowing for more precise and complex designs to be created. In the United States, the jewelry casting industry has a long history, with many of the techniques and materials used today having been developed in the early 20th century. During World War II, the demand for jewelry decreased, and many jewelers turned to other industries. However, after the war, the industry experienced a resurgence, and new techniques and materials were developed. In the 1960s and 1970s, the use of CAD and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) began to be used in the jewelry casting process, leading to further advancements in the industry. Today, the jewelry casting industry in the United States is a thriving and innovative sector, with many companies using the latest technology to create unique and high-quality jewelry.

The anticipated future trajectory of the NAICS 339910-04 industry in the USA, offering insights into potential trends, innovations, and challenges expected to shape its landscape.

• Growth Prediction: Stable

  The future outlook for the Jewelry Castings (Manufacturing) industry in the USA is positive. The industry is expected to grow in the coming years due to the increasing demand for customized jewelry and the growing popularity of online jewelry sales. The rise of e-commerce has made it easier for consumers to purchase jewelry online, which has increased demand for jewelry manufacturers. Additionally, the industry is expected to benefit from the growing trend of sustainable and ethical jewelry production. As consumers become more aware of the environmental and social impact of their purchases, they are increasingly seeking out jewelry made from recycled materials or produced in an ethical manner. Overall, the Jewelry Castings (Manufacturing) industry is expected to continue to grow and evolve in response to changing consumer preferences and technological advancements.

Recent groundbreaking advancements and milestones in the Jewelry Castings (Manufacturing) industry, reflecting notable innovations that have reshaped its landscape.

• 3D Printing: The use of 3D printing technology has revolutionized the Jewelry Castings (Manufacturing) industry. It allows for the creation of intricate and complex designs that would be difficult or impossible to produce using traditional casting methods.
• CAD/CAM Software: Computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) software have made it easier for jewelry designers to create and produce their designs. These software programs allow for the creation of detailed 3D models that can be used to create molds for casting.
• Laser Welding: Laser welding technology has made it possible to join small pieces of metal together without the need for soldering. This allows for the creation of more intricate and delicate designs.
• Investment Casting: Investment casting is a casting process that allows for the creation of highly detailed and complex designs. It involves creating a wax model of the design, which is then coated in a ceramic shell. The wax is melted out of the shell, leaving a cavity that is filled with molten metal.
• Sustainable Materials: Many jewelry manufacturers are now using sustainable materials such as recycled metals and ethically sourced gemstones. This trend is driven by consumer demand for environmentally and socially responsible products.

This section provides an extensive list of essential materials, equipment and services that are integral to the daily operations and success of the Jewelry Castings (Manufacturing) industry. It highlights the primary inputs that Jewelry Castings (Manufacturing) professionals rely on to perform their core tasks effectively, offering a valuable resource for understanding the critical components that drive industry activities.

Material

Bronze: Bronze is often used in jewelry casting for its unique color and properties, allowing artisans to create distinctive pieces that stand out in the market.

Gemstones: Gemstones are often incorporated into cast jewelry pieces, adding value and aesthetic appeal, and requiring careful handling during the casting process.

Gold Alloys: Various gold alloys are crucial for creating durable and aesthetically pleasing jewelry pieces, allowing for different colors and properties while maintaining the intrinsic value of gold.

Investment Powder: Investment powder is used to create molds for casting jewelry, providing a heat-resistant material that captures fine details and withstands the casting process.

Mold Release Agents: Mold release agents are applied to molds to facilitate the easy removal of cast pieces, preventing damage and ensuring a smooth production process.

Silver Alloys: Silver alloys are essential in jewelry casting as they enhance the strength and durability of silver pieces, making them suitable for everyday wear while providing a beautiful finish.

Wax Models: Wax models serve as the initial form for casting jewelry, allowing for intricate designs to be created before the final metal casting process takes place.

Equipment

3D Printers: 3D printers are increasingly used to create wax models or prototypes for jewelry, allowing for rapid design iterations and complex shapes that traditional methods may not achieve.

Casting Machines: Casting machines are vital for the jewelry casting process, allowing for the precise pouring of molten metal into molds to create finished jewelry pieces.

Cooling Systems: Cooling systems are necessary to control the temperature of the molds and metal during the casting process, preventing defects and ensuring the integrity of the jewelry.

Induction Melters: Induction melters are used to heat and melt metals quickly and efficiently, ensuring that the metal reaches the correct temperature for casting.

Polishing Machines: Polishing machines are used to finish jewelry pieces after casting, providing a high shine and enhancing the overall appearance of the final product.

Vacuum Casting Equipment: Vacuum casting equipment is essential for removing air bubbles from the molten metal, ensuring a smooth and flawless finish in the final jewelry pieces.

Service

Metal Refining Services: Metal refining services are important for ensuring that the metals used in casting are of high purity, which directly affects the quality and value of the finished jewelry.

Quality Control Services: Quality control services are essential for ensuring that each piece of jewelry meets industry standards and customer expectations, preventing defects and enhancing brand reputation.

Explore a detailed compilation of the unique products and services offered by the Jewelry Castings (Manufacturing) industry. This section provides precise examples of how each item is utilized, showcasing the diverse capabilities and contributions of the Jewelry Castings (Manufacturing) to its clients and markets. This section provides an extensive list of essential materials, equipment and services that are integral to the daily operations and success of the Jewelry Castings (Manufacturing) industry. It highlights the primary inputs that Jewelry Castings (Manufacturing) professionals rely on to perform their core tasks effectively, offering a valuable resource for understanding the critical components that drive industry activities.

Material

Artistic Jewelry Castings: Artistic castings involve unique designs that emphasize creativity and craftsmanship. These pieces often serve as statement jewelry, attracting customers who seek one-of-a-kind items that stand out.

Bronze Jewelry Castings: Bronze castings are created by combining copper and tin, resulting in a durable and attractive material. Jewelry made from bronze castings is often used in artistic and vintage-style pieces, attracting customers interested in unique and handcrafted designs.

Cameos and Intaglios: Cameos and intaglios are produced by casting techniques that create detailed relief images on jewelry. These pieces are often used in brooches and pendants, appealing to customers who appreciate classical and historical designs.

Children's Jewelry Castings: Jewelry castings designed specifically for children often feature playful designs and smaller sizes. These pieces are popular as gifts for birthdays and special occasions, appealing to parents looking for charming and safe options.

Custom Jewelry Castings: Custom jewelry castings are tailored to specific designs requested by clients. This process allows for personalized jewelry pieces that reflect individual styles and preferences, making them highly sought after for special occasions and gifts.

Fashion Jewelry Castings: Fashion jewelry castings are produced in trendy designs that cater to current market demands. These castings are popular among consumers looking for stylish yet affordable jewelry options for everyday wear.

Gemstone Settings: Gemstone settings are produced through casting processes that create specific shapes to hold various gemstones securely. These settings are essential for creating rings, pendants, and earrings, allowing customers to showcase their favorite stones.

Gold Jewelry Castings: Gold jewelry castings are produced by melting gold and pouring it into molds to create intricate designs. These castings are widely used in the creation of rings, necklaces, and bracelets, appealing to customers seeking luxurious and durable jewelry.

Jewelry Components: Various components such as clasps, links, and connectors are manufactured through casting methods. These components are crucial for assembling finished jewelry pieces, providing functionality and style that customers require.

Minimalist Jewelry Castings: Minimalist castings focus on simple and clean designs, catering to modern consumers who prefer understated elegance. These pieces are versatile and can be worn on various occasions, making them popular among a wide audience.

Platinum Jewelry Castings: Platinum castings are made by pouring molten platinum into molds, resulting in high-quality jewelry pieces. Due to platinum's rarity and durability, these castings are favored for engagement rings and fine jewelry, appealing to customers looking for premium options.

Religious Symbol Jewelry Castings: Jewelry castings featuring religious symbols are created to cater to specific cultural and spiritual needs. These pieces often serve as meaningful gifts or personal items for customers who value their faith.

Silver Jewelry Castings: Silver jewelry castings involve the same process as gold but utilize silver as the primary metal. These castings are popular for their affordability and versatility, often used in crafting both contemporary and traditional jewelry pieces.

Themed Jewelry Castings: Themed castings are designed around specific concepts or motifs, such as nature or hobbies. These pieces attract customers who wish to express their interests and passions through their jewelry.

Vintage Style Jewelry Castings: Vintage style castings replicate designs from past eras, appealing to customers who appreciate nostalgia and timeless elegance. These pieces often feature intricate details and craftsmanship reminiscent of historical jewelry.

A thorough examination of the Jewelry Castings (Manufacturing) industry’s external dynamics, focusing on the political, economic, social, technological, legal, and environmental factors that shape its operations and strategic direction.

Political Factors

Economic Factors

Social Factors

Technological Factors

Legal Factors

Economical Factors

An in-depth look at the Jewelry Castings (Manufacturing) industry's value chain, highlighting its role, key activities, and efficiency strategies, along with its unique value drivers and competitive strengths.

Value Chain Position

Category: Component Manufacturer
Value Stage: Intermediate
Description: This industry operates as a component manufacturer, focusing on the production of jewelry pieces through casting processes. It transforms raw materials into semi-finished products that are essential for the final jewelry market.

Upstream Industries

Downstream Industries

Primary Activities

Inbound Logistics: Receiving processes involve careful inspection of raw materials such as metals and casting supplies. Storage practices include maintaining controlled environments to prevent contamination. Quality control measures are implemented to ensure that all inputs meet industry standards, with challenges such as sourcing reliable suppliers addressed through long-term contracts.

Operations: Core processes include creating wax models, investing in molds, and pouring molten metal into these molds. Quality management practices involve regular inspections during casting and post-casting processes to ensure that each piece meets design specifications. Industry-standard procedures include using advanced technologies for precision casting and adhering to safety regulations.

Outbound Logistics: Distribution methods typically involve shipping finished castings to jewelry manufacturers or directly to retailers. Quality preservation during delivery is ensured through careful packaging that protects the delicate pieces from damage. Common practices include tracking shipments to ensure timely delivery and maintaining communication with customers regarding order status.

Marketing & Sales: Marketing approaches often include showcasing products at trade shows and through online platforms. Customer relationship practices focus on building trust through transparency about sourcing and production processes. Sales processes typically involve direct engagement with manufacturers and retailers to understand their needs and provide tailored solutions.

Support Activities

Infrastructure: Management systems in the industry include production scheduling software that optimizes workflow and resource allocation. Organizational structures often consist of small to medium-sized enterprises that allow for flexibility and quick response to market demands. Planning systems are crucial for managing production timelines and inventory levels effectively.

Human Resource Management: Workforce requirements include skilled artisans and technicians proficient in casting techniques. Training and development approaches may involve apprenticeships and workshops to enhance skills in modern casting technologies and design. Industry-specific knowledge is essential for maintaining quality and innovation in product offerings.

Technology Development: Key technologies include computer-aided design (CAD) software for creating intricate jewelry designs and advanced casting equipment that improves precision. Innovation practices focus on developing new materials and techniques that enhance the casting process. Industry-standard systems often involve rigorous testing of new technologies before implementation.

Procurement: Sourcing strategies involve establishing relationships with reliable suppliers of metals and casting materials. Supplier relationship management is crucial for ensuring consistent quality and timely delivery of inputs, while purchasing practices often emphasize sustainability and ethical sourcing.

Value Chain Efficiency

Process Efficiency: Operational effectiveness is measured through yield rates of castings and turnaround times for production. Common efficiency measures include tracking production costs and waste reduction during the casting process. Industry benchmarks are established based on average production times and quality standards in the sector.

Integration Efficiency: Coordination methods involve close collaboration between design, production, and sales teams to ensure alignment on product specifications and market demands. Communication systems often include digital platforms for real-time updates on production status and inventory levels.

Resource Utilization: Resource management practices focus on optimizing the use of materials and minimizing waste during the casting process. Optimization approaches may involve recycling scrap metal and improving mold designs to enhance efficiency, adhering to industry standards for sustainability.

Value Chain Summary

Key Value Drivers: Primary sources of value creation include high-quality raw materials, skilled labor, and advanced casting technologies. Critical success factors involve maintaining strong supplier relationships and adapting to changing consumer preferences for unique and custom jewelry.

Competitive Position: Sources of competitive advantage include the ability to produce intricate designs at scale and a reputation for quality craftsmanship. Industry positioning is influenced by market trends towards personalized jewelry and ethical sourcing, impacting overall market dynamics.

Challenges & Opportunities: Current industry challenges include fluctuating metal prices and competition from low-cost manufacturers. Future trends may involve increased demand for sustainable and ethically sourced jewelry, presenting opportunities for innovation and market differentiation.

A focused SWOT analysis that examines the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats facing the Jewelry Castings (Manufacturing) industry within the US market. This section provides insights into current conditions, strategic interactions, and future growth potential.

Strengths

Industry Infrastructure and Resources: The industry benefits from a well-established infrastructure that includes specialized manufacturing facilities equipped with advanced casting technologies. This strong infrastructure supports efficient production processes, enabling manufacturers to meet varying consumer demands while maintaining high-quality standards.

Technological Capabilities: The industry showcases significant technological advantages, including the use of computer-aided design (CAD) and 3D printing technologies that enhance design precision and reduce lead times. Many companies hold patents for innovative casting techniques, which bolster their competitive edge in the market.

Market Position: The industry maintains a strong market position within the broader jewelry sector, characterized by a diverse range of products that cater to various consumer preferences. Brand recognition and established relationships with retailers contribute to its competitive strength, although competition from alternative manufacturing methods exists.

Financial Health: Financial performance across the industry is generally robust, with many companies reporting stable revenue growth and healthy profit margins. The financial health is supported by consistent demand for jewelry products, although fluctuations in raw material prices can impact profitability.

Supply Chain Advantages: The industry enjoys strong supply chain networks that facilitate efficient procurement of raw materials, including precious metals and gemstones. Established relationships with suppliers enhance operational efficiency, allowing for timely delivery of products to market and reducing costs.

Workforce Expertise: The labor force in this industry is skilled and knowledgeable, with many workers possessing specialized training in metallurgy and jewelry design. This expertise contributes to high product standards and operational efficiency, although ongoing training is necessary to keep pace with technological advancements.

Weaknesses

Structural Inefficiencies: Some manufacturers face structural inefficiencies due to outdated equipment or inadequate production processes, leading to increased operational costs. These inefficiencies can hinder competitiveness, particularly when compared to more modernized operations.

Cost Structures: The industry grapples with rising costs associated with raw materials, labor, and compliance with environmental regulations. These cost pressures can squeeze profit margins, necessitating careful management of pricing strategies and operational efficiencies.

Technology Gaps: While some companies are technologically advanced, others lag in adopting new casting technologies. This gap can result in lower productivity and higher operational costs, impacting overall competitiveness in the market.

Resource Limitations: The industry is vulnerable to fluctuations in the availability of raw materials, particularly precious metals, which can be affected by global market dynamics. These resource limitations can disrupt production schedules and impact product availability.

Regulatory Compliance Issues: Navigating the complex landscape of environmental and safety regulations poses challenges for many manufacturers. Compliance costs can be significant, and failure to meet regulatory standards can lead to penalties and reputational damage.

Market Access Barriers: Entering new markets can be challenging due to established competition and regulatory hurdles. Companies may face difficulties in gaining distribution agreements or meeting local regulatory requirements, limiting growth opportunities.

Opportunities

Market Growth Potential: There is significant potential for market growth driven by increasing consumer demand for unique and personalized jewelry pieces. The trend towards sustainable and ethically sourced materials presents opportunities for companies to expand their offerings and capture new market segments.

Emerging Technologies: Advancements in casting technologies, such as investment casting and rapid prototyping, offer opportunities for enhancing product quality and reducing production times. These technologies can lead to increased efficiency and lower costs.

Economic Trends: Favorable economic conditions, including rising disposable incomes and a growing interest in luxury goods, support growth in the jewelry market. As consumers prioritize quality and craftsmanship, demand for cast jewelry pieces is expected to rise.

Regulatory Changes: Potential regulatory changes aimed at promoting sustainable practices in manufacturing could benefit the industry. Companies that adapt to these changes by implementing eco-friendly processes may gain a competitive edge.

Consumer Behavior Shifts: Shifts in consumer preferences towards personalized and custom-made jewelry create opportunities for growth. Companies that align their product offerings with these trends can attract a broader customer base and enhance brand loyalty.

Threats

Competitive Pressures: Intense competition from both domestic and international players poses a significant threat to market share. Companies must continuously innovate and differentiate their products to maintain a competitive edge in a crowded marketplace.

Economic Uncertainties: Economic fluctuations, including inflation and changes in consumer spending habits, can impact demand for jewelry products. Companies must remain agile to adapt to these uncertainties and mitigate potential impacts on sales.

Regulatory Challenges: The potential for stricter regulations regarding environmental practices and labor standards can pose challenges for the industry. Companies must invest in compliance measures to avoid penalties and ensure sustainable operations.

Technological Disruption: Emerging technologies in alternative manufacturing methods, such as 3D printing, could disrupt traditional casting processes. Companies need to monitor these trends closely and innovate to stay relevant.

Environmental Concerns: Increasing scrutiny on environmental sustainability practices poses challenges for the industry. Companies must adopt sustainable practices to meet consumer expectations and regulatory requirements.

SWOT Summary

Strategic Position: The industry currently enjoys a strong market position, bolstered by robust consumer demand for cast jewelry products. However, challenges such as rising costs and competitive pressures necessitate strategic innovation and adaptation to maintain growth. The future trajectory appears promising, with opportunities for expansion into new markets and product lines, provided that companies can navigate the complexities of regulatory compliance and supply chain management.

Key Interactions

Growth Potential: The growth prospects for the industry are robust, driven by increasing consumer demand for unique and personalized jewelry pieces. Key growth drivers include the rising popularity of sustainable materials, advancements in casting technologies, and favorable economic conditions. Market expansion opportunities exist in both domestic and international markets, particularly as consumers seek out custom jewelry. However, challenges such as resource limitations and regulatory compliance must be addressed to fully realize this potential. The timeline for growth realization is projected over the next five to ten years, contingent on successful adaptation to market trends and consumer preferences.

Risk Assessment: The overall risk level for the industry is moderate, with key risk factors including economic uncertainties, competitive pressures, and supply chain vulnerabilities. Industry players must be vigilant in monitoring external threats, such as changes in consumer behavior and regulatory landscapes. Effective risk management strategies, including diversification of suppliers and investment in technology, can mitigate potential impacts. Long-term risk management approaches should focus on sustainability and adaptability to changing market conditions. The timeline for risk evolution is ongoing, necessitating proactive measures to safeguard against emerging threats.

Strategic Recommendations

An exploration of how geographic and site-specific factors impact the operations of the Jewelry Castings (Manufacturing) industry in the US, focusing on location, topography, climate, vegetation, zoning, infrastructure, and cultural context.

Location: The operations thrive in regions with a rich history of jewelry making, such as New York City and Los Angeles, where access to skilled labor and suppliers is abundant. These urban centers provide proximity to major markets and distribution channels, facilitating efficient delivery of finished products. Additionally, areas with established manufacturing clusters benefit from shared resources and knowledge, enhancing operational efficiency and innovation.

Topography: Flat terrain is essential for manufacturing facilities, allowing for the construction of expansive production areas and storage spaces. Regions with level land, such as parts of California and the Midwest, provide optimal conditions for setting up casting operations, reducing construction costs and facilitating the movement of materials. In contrast, hilly or mountainous areas may pose challenges for logistics and infrastructure development, impacting operational efficiency.

Climate: The industry requires stable climate conditions to ensure the quality of casting processes. Regions with moderate temperatures and low humidity, such as parts of the Southwest, are ideal as they minimize the risk of moisture-related defects in casting. Seasonal variations can affect production schedules, necessitating climate control measures in facilities to maintain consistent operational conditions throughout the year, particularly during extreme weather events.

Vegetation: Local ecosystems can influence manufacturing practices, particularly in terms of compliance with environmental regulations. Areas with dense vegetation may require additional management to prevent contamination of casting materials. Facilities often implement vegetation management strategies to maintain clear zones around production areas, ensuring compliance with local environmental standards while minimizing pest-related issues that could disrupt operations.

Zoning and Land Use: Manufacturing operations must adhere to specific zoning regulations that allow for industrial activities, including casting and finishing processes. Local governments may impose restrictions on noise and emissions, requiring facilities to obtain permits for operations. Variations in land use regulations across states can impact site selection, with some regions offering more favorable conditions for manufacturing than others, particularly in urban versus rural settings.

Infrastructure: Robust infrastructure is critical for the industry, including reliable transportation networks for the movement of raw materials and finished products. Access to utilities such as electricity and water is essential for casting operations, with facilities often requiring specialized systems for waste management and recycling of materials. Communication infrastructure also plays a vital role in coordinating production schedules and supply chain logistics, ensuring timely delivery of products to market.

Cultural and Historical: The historical significance of jewelry making in certain regions fosters community acceptance of manufacturing operations. Areas with a long-standing tradition in jewelry craftsmanship often have a skilled workforce and supportive local policies. However, modern facilities must navigate community concerns regarding environmental impacts and operational noise, leading to initiatives aimed at enhancing transparency and fostering positive relationships with local residents.

A detailed overview of the Jewelry Castings (Manufacturing) industry’s market dynamics, competitive landscape, and operational conditions, highlighting the unique factors influencing its day-to-day activities.

Market Overview

Market Size: Medium

Description: This industry specializes in producing jewelry pieces through casting methods, which involve pouring molten metal into molds to create various designs. The operational boundaries include the entire process from metal preparation to the final casting and finishing of jewelry items.

Market Stage: Growth. The industry is experiencing growth due to increasing consumer demand for customized and unique jewelry pieces, with advancements in casting technology enabling more intricate designs and efficient production.

Geographic Distribution: Regional. Manufacturing facilities are typically located in regions with a historical presence in jewelry making, such as New York City and Los Angeles, where access to skilled labor and supply chains is optimal.

Characteristics

Market Structure

Market Concentration: Fragmented. The market consists of numerous small to medium-sized manufacturers, with a few larger firms dominating high-end segments. This fragmentation allows for diverse product offerings and customization options.

Segments

Distribution Channels

Success Factors

Demand Analysis

Demand Drivers

Competitive Landscape

Entry Barriers

Business Models

Operating Environment