Tools commonly used in the Carpet & Rug-Pads Linings & Accessories (Retail) industry for day-to-day tasks and operations.

• Carpet knife
• Carpet stretcher
• Knee kicker
• Carpet shears
• Seam roller
• Tack strip cutter
• Staple gun
• Carpet seam iron
• Carpet awl
• Carpet tucker
• Carpet brush
• Measuring tape
• Chalk line
• Utility knife
• Hammer
• Pry bar
• Staple remover
• Knee pads
• Safety glasses
• Dust mask

Common products and services typical of NAICS Code 449121-04, illustrating the main business activities and contributions to the market.

• Carpet padding
• Rug pads
• Carpet liners
• Carpet grippers
• Carpet tape
• Carpet glue
• Carpet spot cleaner
• Carpet deodorizer
• Carpet stain remover
• Carpet shampoo
• Carpet steam cleaner
• Carpet extractor
• Carpet rake
• Carpet protector
• Rug hangers
• Rug tape
• Rug grippers
• Rug underlay
• Rug anti-slip pad

The specific certifications, permits, licenses, and regulatory compliance requirements within the United States for this industry.

• Carpet and Rug Institute (CRI) Seal Of Approval: The CRI provides a certification program for carpet cleaning solutions, equipment, and service providers. The certification ensures that the products and services meet industry standards for cleaning effectiveness and safety.
• Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Compliance: OSHA sets and enforces safety standards for workplaces in the US. Retailers in the Carpet & Rug-Pads Linings & Accessories industry must comply with OSHA regulations to ensure the safety of their employees and customers.
• Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Lead-Safe Certification: Retailers that sell or install carpets or rugs in pre-1978 homes must be certified by the EPA as lead-safe. This certification ensures that the retailer follows safe practices to prevent lead exposure during installation or removal of carpets or rugs.
• National Floor Safety Institute (NFSI) Certification: The NFSI provides a certification program for slip-resistant flooring products and services. Retailers in the Carpet & Rug-Pads Linings & Accessories industry can benefit from this certification to ensure that their products meet safety standards for slip resistance.
• International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 9001 Certification: ISO 9001 is a quality management system certification that ensures that a company's products and services meet customer and regulatory requirements. Retailers in the Carpet & Rug-Pads Linings & Accessories industry can benefit from this certification to improve their quality management processes.

A concise historical narrative of NAICS Code 449121-04 covering global milestones and recent developments within the United States.

• The history of the Carpet & Rug-Pads Linings & Accessories (Retail) industry dates back to the early 19th century when the first carpet factory was established in the United States. The industry saw significant growth in the 20th century, with the introduction of synthetic fibers and the development of tufting machines. In the 1960s, the industry experienced a boom due to the rise of suburban housing and the popularity of wall-to-wall carpeting. In recent years, the industry has faced challenges due to the increasing popularity of hard surface flooring options such as hardwood and tile. However, the industry has adapted by offering a wider range of products such as area rugs and carpet tiles, as well as eco-friendly options made from recycled materials. In the United States, the Carpet & Rug-Pads Linings & Accessories (Retail) industry has seen a decline in recent years due to the rise of e-commerce and the increasing popularity of hard surface flooring options. However, the industry has adapted by offering a wider range of products such as luxury vinyl tile and carpet tiles, as well as eco-friendly options made from recycled materials. The industry has also seen an increase in demand for area rugs and runners, as consumers seek to add warmth and texture to their homes. Overall, the industry has faced challenges but has shown resilience in adapting to changing consumer preferences and market trends.

The anticipated future trajectory of the NAICS 449121-04 industry in the USA, offering insights into potential trends, innovations, and challenges expected to shape its landscape.

• Growth Prediction: Shrinking

  The future outlook for the Carpet & Rug-Pads Linings & Accessories (Retail) industry in the USA is positive. The industry is expected to grow in the coming years due to the increasing demand for home renovation and remodeling projects. The rise in disposable income and the growing trend of home decor are also expected to contribute to the growth of the industry. Additionally, the industry is expected to benefit from the increasing popularity of eco-friendly and sustainable products. However, the industry may face challenges due to the increasing competition from online retailers and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on consumer spending. Overall, the industry is expected to grow steadily in the coming years.

Recent groundbreaking advancements and milestones in the Carpet & Rug-Pads Linings & Accessories (Retail) industry, reflecting notable innovations that have reshaped its landscape.

• Smart Carpet Technology: Smart carpets are a recent innovation in the Carpet & Rug-Pads Linings & Accessories (Retail) industry. These carpets are equipped with sensors that can detect movement and monitor foot traffic. They can also detect spills and alert homeowners to potential hazards.
• Eco-Friendly Products: Many companies in the industry are now offering eco-friendly and sustainable products. These products are made from recycled materials and are designed to be environmentally friendly.
• Customizable Rugs: Many companies are now offering customizable rugs that can be tailored to the customer's specific needs. Customers can choose the size, shape, and color of their rug, making it a unique addition to their home decor.
• Non-Slip Rug Pads: Non-slip rug pads are a recent innovation that helps prevent rugs from slipping and sliding on hardwood floors. These pads are made from a non-slip material that helps keep the rug in place.
• Stain-Resistant Carpets: Many companies are now offering stain-resistant carpets that are designed to be easy to clean and maintain. These carpets are perfect for households with children or pets.

This section provides an extensive list of essential materials, equipment and services that are integral to the daily operations and success of the Carpet & Rug-Pads Linings & Accessories (Retail) industry. It highlights the primary inputs that Carpet & Rug-Pads Linings & Accessories (Retail) professionals rely on to perform their core tasks effectively, offering a valuable resource for understanding the critical components that drive industry activities.

Material

Adhesives: Specialized glues used in the installation of carpets and rugs, providing a strong bond that ensures durability and stability.

Carpet Liners: Materials used to protect the underlying floor from moisture and damage, ensuring longevity and maintaining the integrity of the flooring.

Carpet Padding: A crucial underlayment that provides cushioning and support for carpets, enhancing comfort and extending the life of the flooring.

Carpet Protectors: Products designed to shield carpets from heavy foot traffic and wear, helping to maintain their appearance and extend their lifespan.

Cleaning Solutions: Specialized products formulated for the effective cleaning and maintenance of carpets and rugs, essential for preserving their appearance and hygiene.

Moisture Barriers: Materials that prevent moisture from seeping through carpets, protecting both the carpet and the underlying flooring.

Protective Coatings: Products applied to carpets and rugs to create a barrier against stains and spills, prolonging the life of the flooring.

Rug Cleaning Kits: Comprehensive kits that include various cleaning products and tools specifically designed for the care of rugs.

Rug Pads: Specialized pads designed to keep rugs in place, preventing slipping and increasing safety while also providing additional cushioning.

Stain Removers: Products specifically designed to eliminate tough stains from carpets and rugs, crucial for maintaining the aesthetic appeal of the flooring.

Underlayment Materials: Materials placed beneath carpets to provide insulation and soundproofing, enhancing comfort and reducing noise transmission.

Equipment

Carpet Installation Tools: A range of tools such as stretchers, knives, and tacks that are essential for the proper installation of carpets, ensuring a professional finish.

Cutting Tools: Precision tools used to cut carpets and rugs to the desired size, ensuring a perfect fit during installation.

Floor Scrapers: Tools used to remove old carpet or flooring materials, essential for preparing surfaces for new installations.

Power Stretchers: Advanced tools used to stretch carpets during installation, ensuring a tight fit and preventing wrinkles.

Steam Cleaners: Machines that use steam to deep clean carpets and rugs, effectively removing dirt and allergens while sanitizing the surfaces.

Vacuum Cleaners: Essential equipment for regular maintenance of carpets and rugs, helping to remove dirt, dust, and debris to keep the flooring looking its best.

Service

Carpet Maintenance Programs: Scheduled services that include cleaning and upkeep of carpets, ensuring they remain in optimal condition over time.

Carpet Repair Services: Professional services that address damages such as tears or burns in carpets, restoring their appearance and functionality.

Consultation Services: Expert advice provided to customers regarding carpet selection and maintenance, ensuring informed purchasing decisions.

Explore a detailed compilation of the unique products and services offered by the Carpet & Rug-Pads Linings & Accessories (Retail) industry. This section provides precise examples of how each item is utilized, showcasing the diverse capabilities and contributions of the Carpet & Rug-Pads Linings & Accessories (Retail) to its clients and markets. This section provides an extensive list of essential materials, equipment and services that are integral to the daily operations and success of the Carpet & Rug-Pads Linings & Accessories (Retail) industry. It highlights the primary inputs that Carpet & Rug-Pads Linings & Accessories (Retail) professionals rely on to perform their core tasks effectively, offering a valuable resource for understanding the critical components that drive industry activities.

Material

Carpet Adhesives: Specialized adhesives are used to secure carpets to the floor, providing a strong bond that prevents movement and enhances durability. These adhesives are vital for both residential and commercial installations, ensuring that carpets remain in place under various conditions.

Carpet Cleaning Solutions: Specialized cleaning products designed for carpets help remove stains, dirt, and allergens, ensuring that carpets remain fresh and hygienic. These solutions are often used by homeowners and businesses to maintain the appearance and longevity of their carpets.

Carpet Deodorizers: These products are designed to eliminate odors trapped in carpets, leaving them smelling fresh and clean. Commonly used in homes with pets or heavy foot traffic, they help maintain a pleasant indoor environment.

Carpet Liners: These protective liners are placed beneath carpets to shield them from moisture, dirt, and damage. They are especially beneficial in basements or areas prone to spills, helping to maintain the integrity and appearance of the carpet over time.

Carpet Padding: This essential underlayment provides cushioning and support for carpets, enhancing comfort underfoot while also extending the life of the carpet by absorbing impact and reducing wear. It is commonly used in residential and commercial settings to improve the overall feel and durability of carpeted floors.

Carpet Repair Kits: These kits typically include patches, adhesives, and tools necessary for repairing damaged carpets. They are valuable for homeowners looking to fix small tears or burns, allowing them to maintain the aesthetic of their carpets without the need for full replacement.

Rug Pads: Designed to prevent rugs from slipping and sliding, rug pads also provide additional cushioning and protection for both the rug and the floor beneath. These pads are particularly useful in high-traffic areas, ensuring safety and stability while enhancing the comfort of the rug.

Equipment

Carpet Installation Tools: A range of tools such as stretchers, seam rollers, and trowels are essential for the proper installation of carpets. These tools help ensure that carpets are fitted correctly, providing a smooth and professional finish that enhances the overall look of the space.

Carpet Stretching Equipment: This equipment is used to stretch carpets during installation or repair, ensuring a tight fit that prevents wrinkles and buckling. Proper stretching is crucial for the longevity and appearance of the carpet, making this equipment essential for quality installations.

Service

Carpet Maintenance Services: Offering professional cleaning and maintenance services, this includes deep cleaning, stain removal, and protective treatments that extend the life of carpets. These services are often sought by both residential and commercial clients to keep their carpets looking new.

A thorough examination of the Carpet & Rug-Pads Linings & Accessories (Retail) industry’s external dynamics, focusing on the political, economic, social, technological, legal, and environmental factors that shape its operations and strategic direction.

Political Factors

Economic Factors

Social Factors

Technological Factors

Legal Factors

Economical Factors

An in-depth look at the Carpet & Rug-Pads Linings & Accessories (Retail) industry's value chain, highlighting its role, key activities, and efficiency strategies, along with its unique value drivers and competitive strengths.

Value Chain Position

Category: Retailer
Value Stage: Final
Description: This industry operates as a retailer, focusing on the sale of carpet and rug-pads linings and accessories directly to consumers. Retailers engage in showcasing products, providing customer service, and facilitating the purchase process to enhance consumer experience.

Upstream Industries

Downstream Industries

Primary Activities

Inbound Logistics: Receiving processes involve careful inspection of incoming products to ensure they meet quality standards. Storage practices include organized shelving systems that facilitate easy access and inventory management. Quality control measures are implemented to check for defects or inconsistencies, while challenges such as supply chain delays are addressed through strong supplier relationships and contingency planning.

Operations: Core processes include product selection, pricing, and merchandising strategies that attract customers. Quality management practices involve regular assessments of product quality and customer feedback to ensure satisfaction. Industry-standard procedures include maintaining an appealing store layout and effective inventory turnover to maximize sales opportunities.

Outbound Logistics: Distribution methods primarily involve direct sales through retail locations, with some retailers offering delivery services. Quality preservation during delivery is ensured through careful handling and packaging of products to prevent damage. Common practices include scheduling deliveries to align with customer needs and maintaining clear communication about delivery timelines.

Marketing & Sales: Marketing approaches often include promotional events, online advertising, and partnerships with interior designers. Customer relationship practices focus on personalized service and follow-ups to enhance customer loyalty. Sales processes typically involve engaging customers through knowledgeable staff who can provide product recommendations based on individual needs.

Support Activities

Infrastructure: Management systems include point-of-sale systems that track sales and inventory levels. Organizational structures often consist of a mix of sales staff, inventory managers, and customer service representatives to ensure smooth operations. Planning systems are crucial for forecasting demand and managing stock levels effectively.

Human Resource Management: Workforce requirements include knowledgeable sales staff who can assist customers with product selection. Training and development approaches focus on product knowledge and customer service skills to enhance employee effectiveness. Industry-specific skills include understanding flooring materials and installation techniques to better serve customers.

Technology Development: Key technologies include inventory management software and e-commerce platforms that facilitate online sales. Innovation practices focus on adopting new marketing strategies and enhancing customer engagement through digital channels. Industry-standard systems often involve customer relationship management (CRM) tools to track customer interactions and preferences.

Procurement: Sourcing strategies involve establishing relationships with multiple suppliers to ensure a diverse product range. Supplier relationship management is essential for negotiating favorable terms and ensuring timely deliveries, while purchasing practices often emphasize quality and sustainability.

Value Chain Efficiency

Process Efficiency: Operational effectiveness is measured through sales per square foot and inventory turnover rates. Common efficiency measures include tracking customer foot traffic and optimizing staff schedules to align with peak shopping times. Industry benchmarks are established based on sales performance and customer satisfaction metrics.

Integration Efficiency: Coordination methods involve regular meetings between sales, inventory, and marketing teams to ensure alignment on promotions and stock levels. Communication systems often include shared digital platforms for real-time updates on inventory and sales performance.

Resource Utilization: Resource management practices focus on optimizing staff allocation during peak hours and minimizing waste in inventory management. Optimization approaches may involve using data analytics to forecast demand and adjust inventory levels accordingly, adhering to industry standards for efficiency.

Value Chain Summary

Key Value Drivers: Primary sources of value creation include a diverse product range, high-quality customer service, and effective marketing strategies. Critical success factors involve maintaining strong supplier relationships and adapting to changing consumer preferences in flooring products.

Competitive Position: Sources of competitive advantage include the ability to offer a wide selection of products and personalized customer service. Industry positioning is influenced by location, brand reputation, and the ability to respond quickly to market trends, impacting overall market dynamics.

Challenges & Opportunities: Current industry challenges include competition from online retailers and fluctuating material costs. Future trends may involve increased demand for sustainable and eco-friendly products, presenting opportunities for retailers to differentiate themselves and attract environmentally conscious consumers.

A focused SWOT analysis that examines the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats facing the Carpet & Rug-Pads Linings & Accessories (Retail) industry within the US market. This section provides insights into current conditions, strategic interactions, and future growth potential.

Strengths

Industry Infrastructure and Resources: The retail sector benefits from a robust infrastructure that includes well-established distribution networks and retail locations. This strong infrastructure supports efficient operations and enhances customer access, with many retailers investing in modern showrooms to improve the shopping experience.

Technological Capabilities: Retailers are increasingly adopting advanced point-of-sale systems and inventory management technologies, which enhance operational efficiency. The industry shows a moderate level of innovation, with some retailers utilizing e-commerce platforms to reach a broader customer base, ensuring competitiveness in the market.

Market Position: The industry holds a strong position within the home improvement sector, characterized by a loyal customer base and established brand recognition. Retailers often compete on quality and service, which contributes to their competitive strength, although they face pressure from online competitors.

Financial Health: Financial performance across the retail sector is generally stable, with many companies reporting consistent revenue growth driven by steady consumer demand for flooring accessories. However, fluctuations in raw material prices can impact profitability, necessitating careful financial management.

Supply Chain Advantages: Retailers benefit from established relationships with manufacturers and suppliers, facilitating efficient procurement of products. Strong supply chain networks allow for timely delivery and reduced costs, enhancing operational efficiency and customer satisfaction.

Workforce Expertise: The labor force in this industry is skilled, with many employees possessing specialized knowledge in flooring products and installation techniques. This expertise contributes to high customer service standards and operational efficiency, although ongoing training is essential to keep pace with industry developments.

Weaknesses

Structural Inefficiencies: Some retailers face structural inefficiencies due to outdated inventory systems or inadequate store layouts, leading to increased operational costs. These inefficiencies can hinder competitiveness, particularly against more agile competitors.

Cost Structures: The industry grapples with rising costs associated with labor, rent, and compliance with safety regulations. These cost pressures can squeeze profit margins, necessitating careful management of pricing strategies and operational efficiencies.

Technology Gaps: While some retailers are technologically advanced, others lag in adopting e-commerce and digital marketing strategies. This gap can result in lower sales and reduced market share, impacting overall competitiveness in the retail landscape.

Resource Limitations: The industry is vulnerable to fluctuations in the availability of raw materials, particularly due to supply chain disruptions. These resource limitations can disrupt product availability and impact customer satisfaction.

Regulatory Compliance Issues: Navigating the complex landscape of consumer safety regulations poses challenges for many retailers. Compliance costs can be significant, and failure to meet regulatory standards can lead to penalties and reputational damage.

Market Access Barriers: Entering new markets can be challenging due to established competition and regulatory hurdles. Retailers may face difficulties in gaining distribution agreements or meeting local regulatory requirements, limiting growth opportunities.

Opportunities

Market Growth Potential: There is significant potential for market growth driven by increasing consumer interest in home improvement and interior design. The trend towards eco-friendly and sustainable products presents opportunities for retailers to expand their offerings and capture new market segments.

Emerging Technologies: Advancements in online retailing and digital marketing strategies offer opportunities for enhancing customer engagement and sales. Retailers that leverage these technologies can improve their market reach and operational efficiency.

Economic Trends: Favorable economic conditions, including rising disposable incomes and increased spending on home renovations, support growth in the retail sector. As consumers prioritize home aesthetics, demand for flooring accessories is expected to rise.

Regulatory Changes: Potential regulatory changes aimed at promoting sustainable products could benefit the industry. Retailers that adapt to these changes by offering eco-friendly options may gain a competitive edge.

Consumer Behavior Shifts: Shifts in consumer preferences towards personalized and high-quality home products create opportunities for growth. Retailers that align their product offerings with these trends can attract a broader customer base and enhance brand loyalty.

Threats

Competitive Pressures: Intense competition from both brick-and-mortar and online retailers poses a significant threat to market share. Companies must continuously innovate and differentiate their offerings to maintain a competitive edge in a crowded marketplace.

Economic Uncertainties: Economic fluctuations, including inflation and changes in consumer spending habits, can impact demand for flooring accessories. Retailers must remain agile to adapt to these uncertainties and mitigate potential impacts on sales.

Regulatory Challenges: The potential for stricter regulations regarding product safety and environmental standards can pose challenges for the industry. Retailers must invest in compliance measures to avoid penalties and ensure product safety.

Technological Disruption: Emerging technologies in alternative flooring solutions could disrupt the market for traditional carpet and rug accessories. Retailers need to monitor these trends closely and innovate to stay relevant.

Environmental Concerns: Increasing scrutiny on environmental sustainability practices poses challenges for the industry. Retailers must adopt sustainable practices to meet consumer expectations and regulatory requirements.

SWOT Summary

Strategic Position: The industry currently enjoys a strong market position, bolstered by robust consumer demand for flooring accessories. However, challenges such as rising costs and competitive pressures necessitate strategic innovation and adaptation to maintain growth. The future trajectory appears promising, with opportunities for expansion into new markets and product lines, provided that retailers can navigate the complexities of regulatory compliance and supply chain management.

Key Interactions

Growth Potential: The growth prospects for the industry are robust, driven by increasing consumer demand for home improvement products. Key growth drivers include the rising popularity of eco-friendly flooring accessories, advancements in e-commerce, and favorable economic conditions. Market expansion opportunities exist in both domestic and international markets, particularly as consumers seek out sustainable options. However, challenges such as resource limitations and regulatory compliance must be addressed to fully realize this potential. The timeline for growth realization is projected over the next five to ten years, contingent on successful adaptation to market trends and consumer preferences.

Risk Assessment: The overall risk level for the industry is moderate, with key risk factors including economic uncertainties, competitive pressures, and supply chain vulnerabilities. Industry players must be vigilant in monitoring external threats, such as changes in consumer behavior and regulatory landscapes. Effective risk management strategies, including diversification of suppliers and investment in technology, can mitigate potential impacts. Long-term risk management approaches should focus on sustainability and adaptability to changing market conditions. The timeline for risk evolution is ongoing, necessitating proactive measures to safeguard against emerging threats.

Strategic Recommendations

An exploration of how geographic and site-specific factors impact the operations of the Carpet & Rug-Pads Linings & Accessories (Retail) industry in the US, focusing on location, topography, climate, vegetation, zoning, infrastructure, and cultural context.

Location: Retail operations thrive in urban and suburban areas with high foot traffic, such as shopping malls and commercial districts. Regions with a strong housing market, like the Southeast and Southwest, are particularly advantageous due to increased demand for flooring products. Proximity to residential neighborhoods enhances customer accessibility, while areas with a mix of retail and residential zoning facilitate customer visits and product delivery.

Topography: Flat terrain is ideal for retail locations, allowing for easy access and visibility. Locations in urban centers benefit from existing infrastructure and high visibility, while suburban areas provide ample parking and space for showrooms. Hilly or uneven terrain can pose challenges for accessibility and may limit the types of retail displays that can be effectively utilized, impacting customer experience and product presentation.

Climate: Regions with moderate climates are preferable, as extreme weather can affect foot traffic and customer purchasing behavior. Seasonal changes, particularly in colder areas, may lead to increased sales of rugs and pads during winter months. Retailers must adapt to local climate conditions by ensuring that their products are suitable for the environment, such as offering moisture-resistant options in humid areas.

Vegetation: Retail locations often benefit from landscaping that enhances curb appeal and attracts customers. Local vegetation can influence design choices, as retailers may need to comply with landscaping regulations that promote native plants. Additionally, maintaining clear areas around storefronts is essential for visibility and safety, while also managing any potential pest issues that could arise from nearby vegetation.

Zoning and Land Use: Retail operations must comply with local zoning laws that dictate where commercial activities can occur. Specific permits may be required for signage, parking, and building modifications. Variations in zoning regulations across regions can affect the ability to establish new retail locations, with some areas offering more favorable conditions for retail expansion than others, particularly in rapidly developing suburban regions.

Infrastructure: Access to reliable transportation networks is critical for retail operations, facilitating product delivery and customer access. Adequate parking facilities are essential to accommodate customer vehicles, especially in suburban locations. Utilities such as electricity and water must be sufficient to support retail operations, including lighting and climate control systems for product preservation and customer comfort. Communication infrastructure, including internet access, is also vital for modern retail operations, enabling e-commerce and customer engagement.

Cultural and Historical: Retailers in this industry often engage with local communities through events and promotions, fostering a positive relationship with customers. Historical presence in certain regions can enhance brand loyalty, as established retailers may benefit from long-standing community ties. Cultural preferences can influence product offerings, with retailers adapting their inventory to reflect local tastes and trends, ensuring relevance in diverse markets.

A detailed overview of the Carpet & Rug-Pads Linings & Accessories (Retail) industry’s market dynamics, competitive landscape, and operational conditions, highlighting the unique factors influencing its day-to-day activities.

Market Overview

Market Size: Medium

Description: This industry focuses on the retail sale of various accessories and materials essential for the installation and maintenance of carpets and rugs, including padding, liners, and cleaning products. Retailers provide consumers with the necessary tools and materials to enhance the comfort and durability of their flooring.

Market Stage: Growth. The industry is experiencing growth as consumer interest in home improvement and interior design increases, leading to higher demand for quality flooring accessories and maintenance products.

Geographic Distribution: Regional. Retail outlets are typically located in urban and suburban areas, often near home improvement stores or in shopping centers, to maximize foot traffic and accessibility.

Characteristics

Market Structure

Market Concentration: Fragmented. The market is characterized by a large number of small to medium-sized retailers, with few dominant players, allowing for a diverse range of product offerings and competitive pricing.

Segments

Distribution Channels

Success Factors

Demand Analysis

Demand Drivers

Competitive Landscape

Entry Barriers

Business Models

Operating Environment