Tools commonly used in the Petroleum Bulk Stations-Terminals (Wholesale) industry for day-to-day tasks and operations.

• Tank trucks
• Tank trailers
• Fuel pumps
• Fuel meters
• Loading arms
• Valves
• Gauges
• Hoses
• Filters
• Vapor recovery systems
• Spill containment systems
• Fire suppression systems
• Pressure relief valves
• Pressure vacuum vents
• Overfill prevention devices
• Cathodic protection systems
• SCADA systems
• PLCs
• Control panels

Common products and services typical of NAICS Code 424710-05, illustrating the main business activities and contributions to the market.

• Fuel storage and distribution facilities
• Petroleum terminals
• Fuel depots
• Tank farms
• Fuel loading and unloading facilities
• Petroleum storage facilities
• Fuel transfer stations
• Petroleum distribution centers
• Fuel supply depots
• Petroleum bulk storage facilities

The specific certifications, permits, licenses, and regulatory compliance requirements within the United States for this industry.

• API Certification: The American Petroleum Institute (API) provides certification for petroleum industry professionals, including inspectors, engineers, and auditors. This certification ensures that the professionals have the necessary knowledge and skills to perform their job duties.
• OSHA Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER) Certification: This certification is required for workers who handle hazardous materials, including petroleum products. It ensures that workers are trained to handle hazardous materials safely and respond to emergencies.
• EPA Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure (SPCC) Plan Certification: This certification is required for facilities that store, handle, or transport petroleum products. It ensures that the facility has a plan in place to prevent and respond to oil spills.
• DOT Hazardous Materials Transportation Certification: This certification is required for individuals who transport hazardous materials, including petroleum products. It ensures that the individual is trained to handle hazardous materials safely and comply with transportation regulations.
• ISO 9001 Certification: This certification is a quality management system standard that ensures that a company's products and services meet customer and regulatory requirements. It can be applied to the petroleum industry to ensure that products and services meet quality standards.

A concise historical narrative of NAICS Code 424710-05 covering global milestones and recent developments within the United States.

• The "Petroleum Bulk Stations-Terminals (Wholesale)" industry has a long and rich history worldwide. The first oil well was drilled in Pennsylvania in 1859, and by the early 1900s, the United States had become the world's leading oil producer. The industry grew rapidly during World War II, as the demand for petroleum products increased. In the 1950s and 1960s, the industry saw significant advancements in technology, including the development of pipelines and tankers, which made it easier to transport oil and gas across long distances. In recent history, the industry has faced challenges due to the increasing demand for renewable energy sources and the fluctuation of oil prices. However, the industry has adapted to these changes by investing in new technologies and diversifying their product offerings. In the United States, the "Petroleum Bulk Stations-Terminals (Wholesale)" industry has a more recent history. The industry saw significant growth in the 1970s and 1980s, as the demand for oil and gas increased due to the growth of the automotive industry and the expansion of the transportation sector. In the 1990s and 2000s, the industry faced challenges due to the increasing demand for renewable energy sources and the fluctuation of oil prices. However, the industry has adapted to these changes by investing in new technologies and diversifying their product offerings. Today, the industry continues to play a vital role in the US economy, providing essential products and services to businesses and consumers across the country.

The anticipated future trajectory of the NAICS 424710-05 industry in the USA, offering insights into potential trends, innovations, and challenges expected to shape its landscape.

• Growth Prediction: Stable

  The future outlook for the Petroleum Bulk Stations-Terminals (Wholesale) industry in the USA is positive. The industry is expected to grow in the coming years due to the increasing demand for petroleum products. The growth in the transportation sector, particularly in the trucking industry, is expected to drive the demand for petroleum products. Additionally, the increasing demand for petroleum products in the manufacturing sector is also expected to contribute to the growth of the industry. However, the industry may face challenges due to the increasing competition from alternative energy sources and the growing concern for the environment. The industry players are expected to focus on improving their operational efficiency and adopting new technologies to remain competitive in the market.

Recent groundbreaking advancements and milestones in the Petroleum Bulk Stations-Terminals (Wholesale) industry, reflecting notable innovations that have reshaped its landscape.

• Automation Of Loading and Unloading Processes: The industry players are adopting new technologies to automate the loading and unloading processes, which helps in reducing the turnaround time and increasing the efficiency of the operations.
• Use Of Drones for Inspection: The industry players are using drones for inspection of the storage tanks and pipelines, which helps in identifying the potential issues and reducing the downtime for maintenance.
• Implementation Of Iot: The industry players are implementing IoT (Internet of Things) technologies to monitor the inventory levels, track the shipments, and optimize the supply chain operations.
• Use Of Renewable Energy Sources: Some industry players are investing in renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind, to reduce their carbon footprint and meet the growing demand for clean energy.
• Adoption Of Blockchain Technology: The industry players are exploring the use of blockchain technology to improve the transparency and security of the supply chain operations.

This section provides an extensive list of essential materials, equipment and services that are integral to the daily operations and success of the Petroleum Bulk Stations-Terminals (Wholesale) industry. It highlights the primary inputs that Petroleum Bulk Stations-Terminals (Wholesale) professionals rely on to perform their core tasks effectively, offering a valuable resource for understanding the critical components that drive industry activities.

Material

Asphalt: A petroleum product used in road construction and maintenance, important for infrastructure development and repair.

Aviation Fuel: Specialized fuel designed for aircraft, ensuring efficient performance and safety during flights, vital for airports and aviation services.

Biodiesel: A renewable alternative fuel made from biological materials, used to meet environmental regulations and provide sustainable energy options.

Chemical Diluents: Substances used to thin or modify petroleum products, important for achieving desired viscosity and performance characteristics.

Diesel Fuel: A crucial petroleum product used for powering diesel engines in various vehicles and machinery, essential for transportation and industrial operations.

Gasoline Additives: Chemicals added to gasoline to enhance performance and reduce emissions, important for maintaining product quality and compliance with regulations.

Heating Oil: A petroleum product used for heating residential and commercial buildings, providing essential warmth during colder months.

Lubricating Oils: Oils used to reduce friction between mechanical parts, crucial for maintaining equipment efficiency and longevity in various applications.

Propane: A versatile fuel used for heating, cooking, and as a fuel for engines, important for diversifying the product offerings of terminals.

Equipment

Flow Meters: Devices used to measure the flow rate of petroleum products, essential for accurate billing and inventory management.

Loading Ramps: Structures that allow for the safe and efficient loading and unloading of petroleum products from trucks and railcars.

Pumping Systems: Mechanical systems used to transfer petroleum products from storage tanks to distribution vehicles, critical for efficient operations.

Safety Equipment: Protective gear and tools such as spill kits and personal protective equipment, essential for ensuring worker safety and environmental protection during operations.

Storage Tanks: Large containers used for storing bulk quantities of petroleum products, essential for maintaining supply and ensuring safe handling.

Tank Gauges: Instruments that measure the level of petroleum products in storage tanks, critical for inventory management and operational efficiency.

Service

Emergency Response Services: Services that provide immediate assistance in the event of spills or accidents, ensuring safety and compliance with environmental regulations.

Environmental Compliance Services: Services that assist in adhering to environmental regulations, ensuring that operations minimize ecological impact and meet legal standards.

Maintenance Services: Regular upkeep and repair services for storage and distribution equipment, crucial for preventing downtime and ensuring operational efficiency.

Training Programs: Educational services that provide employees with the necessary skills and knowledge to safely handle petroleum products and comply with regulations.

Transportation Services: Logistical services that facilitate the movement of petroleum products from terminals to various distribution points, ensuring timely delivery.

Explore a detailed compilation of the unique products and services offered by the Petroleum Bulk Stations-Terminals (Wholesale) industry. This section provides precise examples of how each item is utilized, showcasing the diverse capabilities and contributions of the Petroleum Bulk Stations-Terminals (Wholesale) to its clients and markets. This section provides an extensive list of essential materials, equipment and services that are integral to the daily operations and success of the Petroleum Bulk Stations-Terminals (Wholesale) industry. It highlights the primary inputs that Petroleum Bulk Stations-Terminals (Wholesale) professionals rely on to perform their core tasks effectively, offering a valuable resource for understanding the critical components that drive industry activities.

Material

Asphalt: Asphalt is a viscous petroleum product used primarily in road construction and maintenance. It is stored in bulk and distributed to construction companies, ensuring the durability and longevity of roadways.

Aviation Fuel: Aviation fuel is a specialized petroleum product used to power aircraft. It is stored in bulk and distributed to airports and airlines, ensuring that commercial and private flights operate smoothly and safely.

Biodiesel: Biodiesel is a renewable fuel made from vegetable oils or animal fats, often blended with petroleum diesel. It is stored and distributed in bulk to promote sustainable energy solutions in transportation and heating.

Diesel Fuel: Diesel fuel is a heavy petroleum product that is stored in large quantities and supplied to various industries, including transportation and agriculture. It powers trucks, buses, and heavy machinery, making it vital for logistics and construction.

Gasoline: Gasoline is a refined petroleum product that is stored and distributed in bulk to gas stations and commercial fleets. It is essential for fueling vehicles and is commonly used in transportation across the country.

Heating Oil: Heating oil is a petroleum product used primarily for residential and commercial heating. It is stored in bulk and delivered to homes and businesses, providing an essential source of warmth during colder months.

Kerosene: Kerosene is a flammable liquid derived from petroleum, commonly used as a fuel for jet engines and heating. It is stored in bulk and distributed to various sectors, including aviation and residential heating.

Lubricating Oils: Lubricating oils are petroleum-based products used to reduce friction in engines and machinery. These oils are stored in bulk and supplied to automotive and industrial clients, ensuring optimal performance and longevity of equipment.

Petroleum Naphtha: Petroleum naphtha is a flammable liquid used as a solvent and in the production of chemicals. It is stored in bulk and supplied to manufacturers and chemical companies for various applications.

Propane: Propane is a byproduct of natural gas processing and petroleum refining, commonly used as a fuel for heating, cooking, and vehicles. It is stored in bulk and supplied to residential and commercial customers.

A thorough examination of the Petroleum Bulk Stations-Terminals (Wholesale) industry’s external dynamics, focusing on the political, economic, social, technological, legal, and environmental factors that shape its operations and strategic direction.

Political Factors

Economic Factors

Social Factors

Technological Factors

Legal Factors

Economical Factors

An in-depth look at the Petroleum Bulk Stations-Terminals (Wholesale) industry's value chain, highlighting its role, key activities, and efficiency strategies, along with its unique value drivers and competitive strengths.

Value Chain Position

Category: Distributor
Value Stage: Final
Description: This industry operates as a distributor within the petroleum supply chain, focusing on the storage and distribution of petroleum products to various end-users. It plays a crucial role in ensuring that products such as gasoline, diesel, and aviation fuel are readily available to meet market demands.

Upstream Industries

Downstream Industries

Primary Activities

Inbound Logistics: Inbound logistics involve receiving large shipments of petroleum products from refineries and storage facilities. Efficient handling and storage practices are crucial, including the use of tank farms and monitoring systems to ensure product integrity. Quality control measures include regular testing of fuel samples to meet industry standards, while challenges such as contamination and inventory management are addressed through rigorous protocols.

Operations: Core operations include the transfer of petroleum products from storage tanks to distribution vehicles. This process involves pumping, metering, and quality checks to ensure compliance with safety and environmental regulations. Industry-standard procedures include adherence to safety protocols and regular maintenance of equipment to prevent leaks and spills, which are critical for operational integrity.

Outbound Logistics: Outbound logistics encompass the distribution of petroleum products to various customers using tank trucks and pipelines. Quality preservation during delivery is achieved through temperature control and proper handling practices. Common industry practices include scheduling deliveries based on customer demand and maintaining accurate inventory records to ensure timely replenishment.

Marketing & Sales: Marketing strategies focus on building strong relationships with gas stations, industrial clients, and aviation services through personalized service and reliability. Customer relationship practices include regular communication and feedback mechanisms to understand client needs. Sales processes typically involve contract negotiations and establishing service level agreements to ensure customer satisfaction and loyalty.

Support Activities

Infrastructure: Management systems in this industry include sophisticated inventory management software that tracks product levels and delivery schedules. Organizational structures often consist of centralized operations with regional distribution centers to optimize logistics. Planning and control systems are essential for coordinating supply chain activities and ensuring compliance with regulatory requirements.

Human Resource Management: Workforce requirements include skilled personnel for operations, logistics, and safety management. Training programs focus on safety procedures, equipment handling, and regulatory compliance to ensure a knowledgeable workforce. Industry-specific skills include understanding petroleum product specifications and environmental regulations.

Technology Development: Key technologies include automated inventory management systems and advanced monitoring equipment for leak detection and environmental compliance. Innovation practices focus on adopting new technologies to enhance operational efficiency and safety. Industry-standard systems often involve real-time data analytics for optimizing logistics and inventory management.

Procurement: Sourcing strategies involve establishing long-term contracts with refineries and suppliers to ensure a consistent supply of petroleum products. Supplier relationship management is critical for maintaining quality and reliability, while purchasing practices often emphasize cost-effectiveness and compliance with environmental standards.

Value Chain Efficiency

Process Efficiency: Operational effectiveness is measured through delivery accuracy, response times, and inventory turnover rates. Common efficiency measures include tracking fuel loss and optimizing delivery routes to reduce costs. Industry benchmarks are established based on average delivery times and service levels across the sector.

Integration Efficiency: Coordination methods involve close collaboration between suppliers, distribution centers, and customers to ensure alignment on delivery schedules and product availability. Communication systems often include integrated software platforms that facilitate real-time updates and order tracking, enhancing overall efficiency.

Resource Utilization: Resource management practices focus on optimizing storage capacity and minimizing waste during handling and distribution. Optimization approaches may involve implementing just-in-time inventory systems and regular audits to ensure compliance with industry standards and regulations.

Value Chain Summary

Key Value Drivers: Primary sources of value creation include efficient logistics, strong supplier relationships, and adherence to safety and environmental regulations. Critical success factors involve maintaining product quality and reliability in delivery, which are essential for customer satisfaction.

Competitive Position: Sources of competitive advantage include the ability to provide timely and reliable deliveries, coupled with strong relationships with key customers. Industry positioning is influenced by geographic location and access to major transportation routes, impacting market dynamics and customer reach.

Challenges & Opportunities: Current industry challenges include fluctuating crude oil prices, regulatory compliance, and environmental concerns. Future trends may involve increased demand for alternative fuels and sustainable practices, presenting opportunities for innovation and market expansion.

A focused SWOT analysis that examines the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats facing the Petroleum Bulk Stations-Terminals (Wholesale) industry within the US market. This section provides insights into current conditions, strategic interactions, and future growth potential.

Strengths

Industry Infrastructure and Resources: The industry is supported by a robust infrastructure that includes strategically located bulk storage facilities and advanced distribution networks. This strong infrastructure facilitates efficient operations, ensuring timely delivery of petroleum products to various customers, which is critical for maintaining competitive advantage.

Technological Capabilities: The industry benefits from advanced technological capabilities, including automated inventory management systems and sophisticated logistics software. These innovations enhance operational efficiency and accuracy in tracking product distribution, contributing to a moderate level of technological advancement that supports competitiveness.

Market Position: The industry holds a strong market position within the energy sector, characterized by significant market share and established relationships with key customers such as gas stations and industrial users. This strong standing is bolstered by brand recognition and a reputation for reliability in product supply.

Financial Health: Financial performance in the industry is generally strong, with many companies reporting stable revenue streams and healthy profit margins. The financial health is supported by consistent demand for petroleum products, although fluctuations in crude oil prices can impact profitability.

Supply Chain Advantages: The industry enjoys significant supply chain advantages due to established relationships with suppliers and distributors. Efficient procurement processes and logistics networks enable timely delivery of products, reducing operational costs and enhancing service reliability.

Workforce Expertise: The labor force in this industry is skilled and experienced, with many employees possessing specialized knowledge in petroleum handling and safety protocols. This expertise contributes to high operational standards and compliance with regulatory requirements, although ongoing training is essential to keep pace with industry changes.

Weaknesses

Structural Inefficiencies: Some companies face structural inefficiencies due to outdated infrastructure or inadequate facility layouts, leading to increased operational costs. These inefficiencies can hinder competitiveness, particularly when compared to more modernized operations that leverage advanced technologies.

Cost Structures: The industry grapples with rising costs associated with transportation, labor, and compliance with environmental regulations. These cost pressures can squeeze profit margins, necessitating careful management of pricing strategies and operational efficiencies to maintain profitability.

Technology Gaps: While many companies are technologically advanced, some lag in adopting new technologies for inventory management and distribution optimization. This gap can result in lower productivity and higher operational costs, impacting overall competitiveness in the market.

Resource Limitations: The industry is vulnerable to fluctuations in the availability of petroleum products, particularly due to geopolitical factors and supply chain disruptions. These resource limitations can disrupt operations and impact product availability for customers.

Regulatory Compliance Issues: Navigating the complex landscape of environmental and safety regulations poses challenges for many companies. Compliance costs can be significant, and failure to meet regulatory standards can lead to penalties and reputational damage.

Market Access Barriers: Entering new markets can be challenging due to established competition and regulatory hurdles. Companies may face difficulties in gaining distribution agreements or meeting local regulatory requirements, limiting growth opportunities.

Opportunities

Market Growth Potential: There is significant potential for market growth driven by increasing demand for petroleum products, particularly in emerging markets. The trend towards energy independence and infrastructure development presents opportunities for companies to expand their operations and capture new market segments.

Emerging Technologies: Advancements in logistics technologies, such as real-time tracking and automated delivery systems, offer opportunities for enhancing operational efficiency and customer service. These technologies can lead to increased efficiency and reduced waste in the supply chain.

Economic Trends: Favorable economic conditions, including rising industrial activity and transportation demand, support growth in the petroleum distribution market. As the economy expands, demand for petroleum products is expected to rise, providing opportunities for industry players.

Regulatory Changes: Potential regulatory changes aimed at promoting cleaner energy and reducing emissions could benefit the industry. Companies that adapt to these changes by investing in cleaner technologies may gain a competitive edge and enhance their market position.

Consumer Behavior Shifts: Shifts in consumer preferences towards more sustainable energy sources create opportunities for growth in alternative fuels and energy-efficient products. Companies that align their offerings with these trends can attract a broader customer base and enhance brand loyalty.

Threats

Competitive Pressures: Intense competition from both domestic and international players poses a significant threat to market share. Companies must continuously innovate and differentiate their services to maintain a competitive edge in a crowded marketplace.

Economic Uncertainties: Economic fluctuations, including inflation and changes in consumer spending habits, can impact demand for petroleum products. Companies must remain agile to adapt to these uncertainties and mitigate potential impacts on sales.

Regulatory Challenges: The potential for stricter regulations regarding emissions and environmental impact can pose challenges for the industry. Companies must invest in compliance measures to avoid penalties and ensure operational sustainability.

Technological Disruption: Emerging technologies in alternative energy sources could disrupt the market for traditional petroleum products. Companies need to monitor these trends closely and innovate to stay relevant in a changing energy landscape.

Environmental Concerns: Increasing scrutiny on environmental sustainability practices poses challenges for the industry. Companies must adopt sustainable practices to meet consumer expectations and regulatory requirements, which may require significant investment.

SWOT Summary

Strategic Position: The industry currently enjoys a strong market position, bolstered by robust demand for petroleum products. However, challenges such as rising costs and competitive pressures necessitate strategic innovation and adaptation to maintain growth. The future trajectory appears promising, with opportunities for expansion into new markets and product lines, provided that companies can navigate the complexities of regulatory compliance and supply chain management.

Key Interactions

Growth Potential: The growth prospects for the industry are robust, driven by increasing demand for petroleum products, particularly in developing markets. Key growth drivers include infrastructure development, rising industrial activity, and favorable economic conditions. Market expansion opportunities exist in both domestic and international markets, especially as energy consumption continues to rise. However, challenges such as regulatory compliance and environmental sustainability must be addressed to fully realize this potential. The timeline for growth realization is projected over the next five to ten years, contingent on successful adaptation to market trends and consumer preferences.

Risk Assessment: The overall risk level for the industry is moderate, with key risk factors including economic uncertainties, competitive pressures, and supply chain vulnerabilities. Industry players must be vigilant in monitoring external threats, such as changes in regulatory landscapes and consumer behavior. Effective risk management strategies, including diversification of suppliers and investment in technology, can mitigate potential impacts. Long-term risk management approaches should focus on sustainability and adaptability to changing market conditions. The timeline for risk evolution is ongoing, necessitating proactive measures to safeguard against emerging threats.

Strategic Recommendations

An exploration of how geographic and site-specific factors impact the operations of the Petroleum Bulk Stations-Terminals (Wholesale) industry in the US, focusing on location, topography, climate, vegetation, zoning, infrastructure, and cultural context.

Location: Operations are strategically located near major transportation routes, such as highways and railroads, to facilitate the efficient distribution of petroleum products. Regions with proximity to refineries and large consumer markets, such as the Gulf Coast and Midwest, are particularly advantageous due to reduced transportation costs and enhanced logistical capabilities. Areas with significant industrial activity, including urban centers, also provide a steady demand for bulk petroleum products, making them ideal locations for these operations.

Topography: The industry requires flat, accessible land to accommodate large storage tanks and distribution facilities. Regions with minimal elevation changes are preferred to facilitate the movement of bulk products and ensure safety in storage operations. Coastal areas, particularly along the Gulf of Mexico, offer natural advantages for maritime transport, while inland locations benefit from proximity to rail and road networks. However, mountainous or uneven terrain can pose challenges for construction and logistics, necessitating additional infrastructure investments.

Climate: Operations are sensitive to climate conditions, as extreme weather can disrupt distribution and storage. For instance, areas prone to hurricanes or flooding require robust infrastructure to protect storage tanks and ensure operational continuity. Seasonal variations, such as winter freezes in northern regions, can impact the flow of petroleum products, necessitating climate-adaptive measures like insulation and heating systems for storage facilities. Overall, a temperate climate with minimal extreme weather is ideal for maintaining consistent operations.

Vegetation: Vegetation management is essential for maintaining safety and compliance with environmental regulations. Facilities must often clear surrounding areas to reduce fire hazards and ensure safe access for transportation vehicles. Additionally, local ecosystems may impose restrictions on land use, requiring careful planning to mitigate environmental impacts. Facilities are also encouraged to implement vegetation buffers to enhance aesthetics and comply with local zoning laws, which can influence operational practices and site management.

Zoning and Land Use: Zoning regulations typically require heavy industrial designations for petroleum bulk stations and terminals, with specific allowances for storage and distribution activities. Local governments may impose additional land use restrictions to protect nearby residential areas from potential hazards associated with petroleum storage. Permitting processes can vary significantly by region, with some areas requiring extensive environmental assessments before operations can commence. Compliance with federal and state regulations is crucial for maintaining operational licenses and ensuring community safety.

Infrastructure: The industry relies heavily on robust infrastructure, including transportation networks for the movement of bulk products. Access to major highways, railroads, and ports is critical for efficient distribution. Facilities also require substantial utility services, including high-capacity electricity and water supplies for operational needs. Communication infrastructure is vital for coordinating logistics and ensuring safety protocols are followed during product handling and distribution. The integration of advanced technology for monitoring and managing operations is increasingly important for maintaining efficiency and compliance.

Cultural and Historical: The presence of petroleum bulk stations and terminals often reflects the historical significance of the petroleum industry in specific regions. Communities may have mixed responses to these operations, balancing economic benefits against environmental concerns. Historical ties to the petroleum industry can foster local acceptance, particularly in regions where these facilities have contributed to job creation and economic stability. However, public scrutiny regarding environmental impacts and safety measures has led to increased community engagement and transparency efforts by operators.

A detailed overview of the Petroleum Bulk Stations-Terminals (Wholesale) industry’s market dynamics, competitive landscape, and operational conditions, highlighting the unique factors influencing its day-to-day activities.

Market Overview

Market Size: Large

Description: This industry encompasses the storage and distribution of petroleum products, including gasoline, diesel fuel, and aviation fuel, through bulk stations and terminals. Operations involve receiving, storing, and distributing large quantities of these products to various commercial customers.

Market Stage: Mature. The industry is in a mature stage, characterized by established distribution networks, significant infrastructure investments, and stable demand patterns driven by transportation and industrial sectors.

Geographic Distribution: National. Bulk stations and terminals are strategically located near major transportation routes, refineries, and consumption centers across the United States, facilitating efficient distribution to regional markets.

Characteristics

Market Structure

Market Concentration: Moderately Concentrated. The market features a mix of large operators with extensive networks and smaller regional players, resulting in moderate concentration where a few key players dominate significant market shares.

Segments

Distribution Channels

Success Factors

Demand Analysis

Demand Drivers

Competitive Landscape

Entry Barriers

Business Models

Operating Environment