Tools commonly used in the Mannequins-Display Fixture (Wholesale) industry for day-to-day tasks and operations.

• Dressing forms
• Mannequins
• Display cases
• Display racks
• Display tables
• Display stands
• Display hooks
• Display hangers
• Display shelves
• Display mannequin stands

Common products and services typical of NAICS Code 423440-51, illustrating the main business activities and contributions to the market.

• Clothing store displays
• Jewelry store displays
• Shoe store displays
• Department store displays
• Bridal shop displays
• Sports store displays
• Toy store displays
• Furniture store displays
• Electronic store displays
• Cosmetics store displays

The specific certifications, permits, licenses, and regulatory compliance requirements within the United States for this industry.

• UL Certification: UL Certification is a safety certification provided by Underwriters Laboratories, a global safety certification company. It is required for electrical products and components to ensure that they meet safety standards. Mannequins and display fixtures that use electrical components require UL certification.
• OSHA Certification: OSHA Certification is a safety certification provided by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, a federal agency that ensures safe and healthy working conditions. It is required for businesses to ensure that they comply with OSHA regulations. Mannequin and display fixture wholesalers need to comply with OSHA regulations to ensure the safety of their employees.
• ADA Compliance: ADA Compliance is a certification provided by the Americans with Disabilities Act, a federal law that prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities. It is required for businesses to ensure that their facilities are accessible to people with disabilities. Mannequin and display fixture wholesalers need to comply with ADA regulations to ensure that their facilities are accessible to people with disabilities.
• ISO 9001 Certification: ISO 9001 Certification is a quality management certification provided by the International Organization for Standardization. It is required for businesses to ensure that they meet quality management standards. Mannequin and display fixture wholesalers need to meet ISO 9001 standards to ensure that their products meet quality standards.
• ASTM International Certification: ASTM International Certification is a certification provided by the American Society for Testing and Materials. It is required for businesses to ensure that their products meet industry standards. Mannequin and display fixture wholesalers need to meet ASTM International standards to ensure that their products meet industry standards.

A concise historical narrative of NAICS Code 423440-51 covering global milestones and recent developments within the United States.

• The Mannequins-Display Fixture (Wholesale) industry has been around for over a century, with the first mannequins being made in the late 1800s. The industry has seen significant advancements in the materials used to make mannequins, with the introduction of fiberglass in the 1930s and the use of 3D printing in recent years. In the United States, the industry saw a boom in the 1950s and 1960s with the rise of shopping malls and the need for attractive window displays. In recent years, the industry has shifted towards more sustainable and eco-friendly materials, with many companies offering mannequins made from recycled materials.

The anticipated future trajectory of the NAICS 423440-51 industry in the USA, offering insights into potential trends, innovations, and challenges expected to shape its landscape.

• Growth Prediction: Stable

  The Mannequins-Display Fixture (Wholesale) industry in the USA is expected to grow in the coming years due to the increasing demand for visual merchandising in the retail sector. The industry is expected to benefit from the growth of the e-commerce sector, as online retailers are increasingly investing in physical stores to enhance their brand image. The industry is also expected to benefit from the increasing demand for sustainable and eco-friendly display fixtures. However, the industry may face challenges due to the increasing competition from low-cost imports and the changing consumer preferences towards online shopping. Overall, the industry is expected to grow steadily in the coming years, driven by the increasing demand for innovative and visually appealing display fixtures.

Recent groundbreaking advancements and milestones in the Mannequins-Display Fixture (Wholesale) industry, reflecting notable innovations that have reshaped its landscape.

• Interactive Mannequins: These mannequins are equipped with sensors and cameras that can detect the movements of customers and respond accordingly. They can display different outfits and accessories based on the customer's preferences, making the shopping experience more personalized and engaging.
• 3D Printed Display Fixtures: 3D printing technology is being increasingly used to create customized and unique display fixtures. This technology allows for faster prototyping and reduces the cost of production, making it easier for small businesses to create their own display fixtures.
• Sustainable Display Fixtures: Many companies are now using eco-friendly materials such as bamboo, recycled plastic, and reclaimed wood to create display fixtures. These fixtures are not only environmentally friendly but also appeal to the growing number of consumers who are concerned about sustainability.
• Virtual Reality Displays: Virtual reality technology is being used to create immersive shopping experiences for customers. Customers can use VR headsets to explore different products and see how they would look in different settings, making the shopping experience more interactive and engaging.
• Smart Displays: Smart displays are equipped with sensors and cameras that can detect the presence of customers and display relevant information such as product details and pricing. They can also be used to collect data on customer behavior and preferences, allowing retailers to optimize their displays and improve their sales.

This section provides an extensive list of essential materials, equipment and services that are integral to the daily operations and success of the Mannequins-Display Fixture (Wholesale) industry. It highlights the primary inputs that Mannequins-Display Fixture (Wholesale) professionals rely on to perform their core tasks effectively, offering a valuable resource for understanding the critical components that drive industry activities.

Equipment

Backdrops: Fabric or printed materials used behind displays to create a themed environment, helping to enhance the visual appeal of the showcased items.

Clothing Forms: Adjustable forms used to display garments in a tailored manner, allowing retailers to present clothing in a way that highlights fit and style.

Display Bins: Containers used to organize and display smaller items, making it easier for customers to browse and select products.

Display Cases: Glass or acrylic enclosures that protect and showcase valuable items, allowing customers to view products while ensuring their security.

Display Racks: Structures designed to hold and display merchandise, allowing retailers to organize products in a visually appealing manner to enhance customer engagement.

Floor Displays: Freestanding display units that can be placed throughout a retail space, allowing for flexible merchandising and increased product visibility.

Hangers: Essential tools for displaying garments on racks or mannequins, ensuring that clothing maintains its shape and is presented neatly to customers.

Lighting Fixtures: Specialized lighting used to highlight displays and create an inviting atmosphere, essential for drawing attention to showcased products.

Mannequin Accessories: Items such as wigs, hats, and jewelry used to enhance the appearance of mannequins, making displays more attractive and engaging for customers.

Mannequins: Life-sized models used to display clothing and accessories, crucial for retailers to showcase their products effectively and attractively.

Pedestals: Raised platforms used to elevate products or mannequins, enhancing visibility and creating a more dynamic display environment.

Point of Sale Displays: Strategically placed displays near checkout areas to encourage impulse purchases, vital for increasing overall sales.

Price Tags and Labels: Essential for providing customers with pricing information, these tags help facilitate sales and ensure transparency in product offerings.

Promotional Displays: Displays specifically designed to highlight sales or special offers, crucial for driving customer interest and boosting sales during promotional periods.

Sample Displays: Units designed to showcase product samples, allowing customers to interact with items before making a purchase decision.

Seasonal Displays: Themed displays that change with seasons or holidays, essential for keeping retail environments fresh and relevant to customer interests.

Shelf Dividers: Tools used to separate products on shelves, helping to maintain organization and improve the shopping experience by making items easier to find.

Sign Holders: Devices used to display promotional or informational signs alongside products, helping to communicate key messages to customers and drive sales.

Visual Merchandising Tools: Various tools and materials used to create attractive product displays, essential for maximizing the impact of retail environments.

Wall Displays: Mounted display systems that utilize wall space effectively, helping to showcase products without taking up valuable floor space.

Explore a detailed compilation of the unique products and services offered by the Mannequins-Display Fixture (Wholesale) industry. This section provides precise examples of how each item is utilized, showcasing the diverse capabilities and contributions of the Mannequins-Display Fixture (Wholesale) to its clients and markets. This section provides an extensive list of essential materials, equipment and services that are integral to the daily operations and success of the Mannequins-Display Fixture (Wholesale) industry. It highlights the primary inputs that Mannequins-Display Fixture (Wholesale) professionals rely on to perform their core tasks effectively, offering a valuable resource for understanding the critical components that drive industry activities.

Equipment

Child Mannequins: These mannequins are specifically designed to represent children's clothing sizes. They are essential for retailers specializing in children's apparel, helping to create appealing displays that resonate with parents and kids alike.

Countertop Displays: Designed for use on counters or tables, these displays are ideal for promoting smaller items or impulse buys. They help retailers maximize visibility and encourage customer purchases at checkout.

Custom Display Solutions: Tailored display solutions designed to meet specific retail needs. These can include unique shapes, sizes, and configurations that help businesses stand out and effectively showcase their products.

Display Racks: These versatile fixtures are used to hold and showcase various products, from clothing to accessories. They are designed to maximize space and enhance product visibility, making them a staple in retail environments.

Dress Forms: Used primarily by fashion designers and tailors, dress forms allow for the fitting and display of garments. They come in various sizes and styles, enabling detailed work on clothing design and alterations.

Freestanding Displays: These standalone fixtures are used to showcase products in high-traffic areas of retail stores. They are designed to attract attention and encourage impulse buying by presenting items in an eye-catching manner.

Full-Body Mannequins: These realistic mannequins are designed to showcase clothing and accessories in retail environments. They are crafted from durable materials and come in various poses to attract customer attention and enhance visual merchandising.

Gridwall Panels: These versatile panels allow for customizable display arrangements in retail spaces. They can be used with various hooks and accessories to create an organized and visually appealing presentation of products.

Hangers and Clips: Essential for organizing and displaying garments, hangers and clips come in various styles and materials. They help maintain the shape of clothing while allowing for easy access and presentation in stores.

Lighting Fixtures for Displays: Specialized lighting designed to highlight products in displays. Proper lighting enhances the visual appeal of items, making them more attractive to potential buyers and improving overall store ambiance.

Mannequin Accessories: Accessories such as wigs, hats, and jewelry are used to enhance the appearance of mannequins. These items help create a more engaging display that attracts customers and showcases the products effectively.

Mannequin Forms for Accessories: Specialized forms that are designed to display hats, scarves, and other accessories. They help retailers create coordinated looks that encourage customers to purchase multiple items.

Pedestals and Bases: These supportive structures elevate mannequins and display items, drawing attention to the showcased products. They come in various designs and finishes to complement the overall aesthetic of retail displays.

Portable Display Units: These lightweight and easily transportable units are ideal for trade shows and events. They allow businesses to showcase their products effectively in various locations without permanent installations.

Seasonal Display Fixtures: These fixtures are designed for temporary use during specific seasons or holidays. They help retailers create themed displays that attract customers and promote seasonal merchandise.

Showcase Cases: Glass or acrylic cases that protect and display high-value items, such as jewelry or collectibles. They provide security while allowing customers to view the products clearly, enhancing the shopping experience.

Sign Holders: Used to display pricing and promotional information, sign holders are crucial for effective merchandising. They help communicate important details to customers, enhancing the shopping experience.

Slatwall Displays: These wall-mounted displays provide a flexible solution for showcasing a variety of products. Retailers can easily rearrange hooks and shelves to adapt to changing inventory and promotional needs.

Torso Mannequins: Ideal for displaying tops and accessories, torso mannequins provide a cost-effective solution for retailers. Their compact design allows for easy placement in limited spaces while still effectively showcasing products.

Wall Displays: These fixtures are mounted on walls to showcase products in a space-efficient manner. They are particularly useful in smaller retail environments where floor space is limited, allowing for creative product presentation.

A thorough examination of the Mannequins-Display Fixture (Wholesale) industry’s external dynamics, focusing on the political, economic, social, technological, legal, and environmental factors that shape its operations and strategic direction.

Political Factors

Economic Factors

Social Factors

Technological Factors

Legal Factors

Economical Factors

An in-depth look at the Mannequins-Display Fixture (Wholesale) industry's value chain, highlighting its role, key activities, and efficiency strategies, along with its unique value drivers and competitive strengths.

Value Chain Position

Category: Distributor
Value Stage: Final
Description: The industry operates as a distributor, focusing on the wholesale distribution of mannequins and display fixtures to retailers and businesses. This role involves sourcing products from manufacturers and supplying them to end-users, ensuring that visual merchandising needs are met.

Upstream Industries

Downstream Industries

Primary Activities

Inbound Logistics: Inbound logistics involve receiving mannequins and display fixtures from manufacturers, ensuring proper handling and storage to maintain product integrity. Inventory management practices include tracking stock levels and implementing just-in-time delivery systems to optimize storage costs and reduce excess inventory.

Operations: Core operations include sorting, inspecting, and preparing mannequins and display fixtures for distribution. Quality management practices involve regular inspections to ensure that products meet industry standards and customer expectations, with a focus on maintaining aesthetic and functional quality.

Outbound Logistics: Outbound logistics encompass the distribution of mannequins and display fixtures to various retail locations. This includes coordinating transportation logistics to ensure timely delivery while preserving product quality through careful handling and appropriate packaging.

Marketing & Sales: Marketing strategies often involve showcasing product versatility through trade shows and online platforms. Building strong customer relationships is key, with practices focused on understanding client needs and providing tailored solutions. Sales processes typically include direct outreach and consultations to help retailers select the right display solutions.

Support Activities

Infrastructure: Management systems in this industry include inventory management software that tracks stock levels and sales trends. Organizational structures often feature a sales team dedicated to customer engagement and a logistics team focused on distribution efficiency, ensuring smooth operations.

Human Resource Management: Workforce requirements include sales representatives with expertise in visual merchandising and logistics personnel skilled in supply chain management. Training programs often focus on product knowledge and customer service skills to enhance the overall customer experience.

Technology Development: Key technologies include inventory management systems and e-commerce platforms that facilitate online sales. Innovation practices may involve adopting new display technologies or materials that enhance product appeal and functionality, keeping pace with industry trends.

Procurement: Sourcing strategies involve establishing relationships with reliable manufacturers for mannequins and fixtures. Supplier relationship management is critical for ensuring consistent quality and timely delivery, while purchasing practices often emphasize cost-effectiveness and sustainability.

Value Chain Efficiency

Process Efficiency: Operational effectiveness is measured through metrics such as order fulfillment rates and inventory turnover. Common efficiency measures include optimizing delivery routes and minimizing lead times to enhance customer satisfaction and reduce costs.

Integration Efficiency: Coordination methods involve regular communication between sales, logistics, and procurement teams to ensure alignment on inventory levels and customer demand. Communication systems often utilize digital platforms for real-time updates and collaboration.

Resource Utilization: Resource management practices focus on optimizing warehouse space and minimizing waste during the distribution process. Optimization approaches may include implementing lean inventory techniques to enhance efficiency and reduce holding costs, adhering to industry standards.

Value Chain Summary

Key Value Drivers: Primary sources of value creation include high-quality mannequins, effective distribution networks, and strong customer relationships. Critical success factors involve maintaining product quality and adapting to changing retail trends to meet customer needs.

Competitive Position: Sources of competitive advantage include the ability to offer a diverse range of display solutions and responsive customer service. Industry positioning is influenced by the ability to quickly adapt to market trends and customer preferences, impacting overall market dynamics.

Challenges & Opportunities: Current industry challenges include fluctuating demand due to changing retail environments and competition from online retailers. Future trends may involve increased demand for sustainable and customizable display solutions, presenting opportunities for innovation and market expansion.

A focused SWOT analysis that examines the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats facing the Mannequins-Display Fixture (Wholesale) industry within the US market. This section provides insights into current conditions, strategic interactions, and future growth potential.

Strengths

Industry Infrastructure and Resources: The industry benefits from a robust infrastructure that includes specialized warehouses, distribution centers, and logistics networks tailored for the efficient handling of display fixtures. This strong infrastructure supports timely deliveries and enhances the ability to meet the diverse needs of retailers and businesses, ensuring a competitive edge in the market.

Technological Capabilities: Technological advancements in manufacturing processes and inventory management systems provide significant advantages. The industry is characterized by a moderate level of innovation, with companies utilizing advanced software for inventory tracking and order fulfillment, which enhances operational efficiency and customer satisfaction.

Market Position: The industry holds a strong position within the broader retail supply chain, with a notable market share in the visual merchandising segment. Established relationships with major retailers and a reputation for quality contribute to its competitive strength, although there is ongoing pressure from alternative display solutions.

Financial Health: Financial performance across the industry is generally strong, with many companies reporting stable revenue growth and healthy profit margins. The financial health is supported by consistent demand for display fixtures, although fluctuations in raw material costs can impact profitability.

Supply Chain Advantages: The industry enjoys well-established supply chain networks that facilitate efficient procurement of materials and distribution of products. Strong relationships with manufacturers and logistics providers enhance operational efficiency, allowing for timely delivery of products to market and reducing costs.

Workforce Expertise: The labor force in this industry is skilled and knowledgeable, with many workers having specialized training in logistics and visual merchandising. This expertise contributes to high service standards and operational efficiency, although there is a need for ongoing training to keep pace with industry innovations.

Weaknesses

Structural Inefficiencies: Some companies face structural inefficiencies due to outdated inventory management systems or inadequate facility layouts, leading to increased operational costs. These inefficiencies can hinder competitiveness, particularly when compared to more streamlined operations.

Cost Structures: The industry grapples with rising costs associated with raw materials, labor, and compliance with safety regulations. These cost pressures can squeeze profit margins, necessitating careful management of pricing strategies and operational efficiencies.

Technology Gaps: While some companies are technologically advanced, others lag in adopting new inventory management and logistics technologies. This gap can result in lower productivity and higher operational costs, impacting overall competitiveness in the market.

Resource Limitations: The industry is vulnerable to fluctuations in the availability of raw materials, particularly plastics and metals used in display fixtures. These resource limitations can disrupt production schedules and impact product availability.

Regulatory Compliance Issues: Navigating the complex landscape of safety and environmental regulations poses challenges for many companies. Compliance costs can be significant, and failure to meet regulatory standards can lead to penalties and reputational damage.

Market Access Barriers: Entering new markets can be challenging due to established competition and regulatory hurdles. Companies may face difficulties in gaining distribution agreements or meeting local regulatory requirements, limiting growth opportunities.

Opportunities

Market Growth Potential: There is significant potential for market growth driven by increasing consumer demand for visually appealing retail environments. The trend towards experiential retailing presents opportunities for companies to expand their offerings and capture new market segments.

Emerging Technologies: Advancements in materials and manufacturing technologies, such as 3D printing and sustainable materials, offer opportunities for enhancing product quality and reducing costs. These technologies can lead to increased efficiency and innovation in product design.

Economic Trends: Favorable economic conditions, including rising consumer spending and retail growth, support demand for display fixtures. As retailers invest in enhancing customer experiences, demand for high-quality display solutions is expected to rise.

Regulatory Changes: Potential regulatory changes aimed at promoting sustainability and reducing waste could benefit the industry. Companies that adapt to these changes by offering eco-friendly products may gain a competitive edge.

Consumer Behavior Shifts: Shifts in consumer preferences towards personalized and engaging shopping experiences create opportunities for growth. Companies that align their product offerings with these trends can attract a broader customer base and enhance brand loyalty.

Threats

Competitive Pressures: Intense competition from both domestic and international players poses a significant threat to market share. Companies must continuously innovate and differentiate their products to maintain a competitive edge in a crowded marketplace.

Economic Uncertainties: Economic fluctuations, including inflation and changes in consumer spending habits, can impact demand for display fixtures. Companies must remain agile to adapt to these uncertainties and mitigate potential impacts on sales.

Regulatory Challenges: The potential for stricter regulations regarding product safety and environmental impact can pose challenges for the industry. Companies must invest in compliance measures to avoid penalties and ensure product safety.

Technological Disruption: Emerging technologies in alternative display solutions and digital merchandising could disrupt the market for traditional display fixtures. Companies need to monitor these trends closely and innovate to stay relevant.

Environmental Concerns: Increasing scrutiny on environmental sustainability practices poses challenges for the industry. Companies must adopt sustainable practices to meet consumer expectations and regulatory requirements.

SWOT Summary

Strategic Position: The industry currently enjoys a strong market position, bolstered by robust consumer demand for display solutions. However, challenges such as rising costs and competitive pressures necessitate strategic innovation and adaptation to maintain growth. The future trajectory appears promising, with opportunities for expansion into new markets and product lines, provided that companies can navigate the complexities of regulatory compliance and supply chain management.

Key Interactions

Growth Potential: The growth prospects for the industry are robust, driven by increasing consumer demand for visually appealing retail environments. Key growth drivers include the rising popularity of experiential retailing, advancements in sustainable materials, and favorable economic conditions. Market expansion opportunities exist in both domestic and international markets, particularly as retailers seek innovative display solutions. However, challenges such as resource limitations and regulatory compliance must be addressed to fully realize this potential. The timeline for growth realization is projected over the next five to ten years, contingent on successful adaptation to market trends and consumer preferences.

Risk Assessment: The overall risk level for the industry is moderate, with key risk factors including economic uncertainties, competitive pressures, and supply chain vulnerabilities. Industry players must be vigilant in monitoring external threats, such as changes in consumer behavior and regulatory landscapes. Effective risk management strategies, including diversification of suppliers and investment in technology, can mitigate potential impacts. Long-term risk management approaches should focus on sustainability and adaptability to changing market conditions. The timeline for risk evolution is ongoing, necessitating proactive measures to safeguard against emerging threats.

Strategic Recommendations

An exploration of how geographic and site-specific factors impact the operations of the Mannequins-Display Fixture (Wholesale) industry in the US, focusing on location, topography, climate, vegetation, zoning, infrastructure, and cultural context.

Location: The wholesale distribution of mannequins and display fixtures thrives in urban areas with high retail density, such as New York City and Los Angeles, where proximity to major retailers enhances logistics and reduces shipping times. Regions with a strong fashion or retail presence, like Chicago and Miami, also provide advantageous locations due to the concentration of potential clients. Accessibility to major transportation networks, including highways and airports, is crucial for efficient distribution to various retail outlets across the country.

Topography: Flat terrain is ideal for warehouse and distribution center operations, allowing for easy access and movement of large display fixtures and mannequins. Urban areas with minimal elevation changes facilitate the transportation of goods, while regions with challenging topography may require additional logistical planning to navigate. Locations with ample space for loading docks and storage facilities are preferred to accommodate the bulky nature of display fixtures, ensuring efficient operations and quick turnaround times for deliveries.

Climate: The climate can impact the storage and handling of mannequins and display fixtures, particularly those made from materials sensitive to temperature and humidity. For instance, regions with extreme temperatures may necessitate climate-controlled storage facilities to prevent warping or damage to products. Seasonal fluctuations also affect demand, with peak retail seasons requiring increased inventory and rapid distribution capabilities to meet client needs effectively.

Vegetation: While vegetation does not directly impact the wholesale distribution of mannequins and display fixtures, local ecosystems may influence site selection for warehouses. Facilities must comply with environmental regulations regarding land use and may need to manage vegetation around their premises to prevent pest infestations. Additionally, maintaining clear areas around warehouses can help in security and operational efficiency, ensuring that vegetation does not obstruct access or visibility.

Zoning and Land Use: Zoning regulations typically require commercial or industrial designations for warehouses and distribution centers. Specific permits may be needed for operations that involve large-scale storage and transportation of goods. Local land use regulations can vary significantly, affecting site selection and operational flexibility. Areas with favorable zoning laws that support wholesale activities are preferred to minimize regulatory hurdles and facilitate smooth business operations.

Infrastructure: Robust infrastructure is essential for the wholesale distribution of mannequins and display fixtures, including reliable transportation networks for efficient logistics. Facilities require adequate loading docks to handle large shipments and may need specialized equipment for moving bulky items. Access to utilities such as electricity and water is necessary for maintaining warehouse operations, while communication infrastructure supports inventory management and order processing systems.

Cultural and Historical: The acceptance of wholesale distribution operations is generally positive in urban areas with a strong retail culture, as these businesses contribute to local economies. Historical ties to the fashion and retail industries in cities like New York and Los Angeles foster a supportive environment for wholesalers. Community engagement and outreach are important for addressing any concerns related to traffic and operational impacts, ensuring that businesses maintain a good relationship with local residents.

A detailed overview of the Mannequins-Display Fixture (Wholesale) industry’s market dynamics, competitive landscape, and operational conditions, highlighting the unique factors influencing its day-to-day activities.

Market Overview

Market Size: Medium

Description: This industry focuses on the wholesale distribution of mannequins and display fixtures, which are essential for retailers and businesses to effectively showcase their products. Operations include sourcing, storing, and distributing a variety of display solutions tailored for visual merchandising.

Market Stage: Growth. The industry is experiencing growth as retailers increasingly invest in visual merchandising to enhance customer engagement and sales. This is evidenced by rising demand for innovative display solutions and an expanding customer base.

Geographic Distribution: National. Wholesale operations are distributed across the United States, with major hubs located near urban centers where retail activity is concentrated, facilitating quicker distribution to clients.

Characteristics

Market Structure

Market Concentration: Fragmented. The market is characterized by a large number of small to medium-sized wholesalers, each serving specific regional markets or niche segments, resulting in a competitive landscape.

Segments

Distribution Channels

Success Factors

Demand Analysis

Demand Drivers

Competitive Landscape

Entry Barriers

Business Models

Operating Environment