Tools commonly used in the Cement (Manufacturing) industry for day-to-day tasks and operations.

• Kilns
• Crushers
• Grinders
• Blenders
• Conveyors
• Dust collectors
• Fans
• Compressors
• Pumps
• Mixers
• Scales
• Analyzers
• Sensors
• Valves
• Hoppers
• Silos
• Bagging machines
• Forklifts
• Loaders
• Trucks

Common products and services typical of NAICS Code 327310-01, illustrating the main business activities and contributions to the market.

• Concrete production
• Cement distribution
• Cement wholesale
• Cement retail
• Cement import/export
• Cement additives
• Cement testing
• Cement research
• Cement recycling
• Cement consulting

The specific certifications, permits, licenses, and regulatory compliance requirements within the United States for this industry.

• Portland Cement Association (PCA) Certification: This certification is provided by the Portland Cement Association and is required for cement manufacturing companies to ensure that their products meet the industry standards. The certification covers various aspects of cement production, including quality control, environmental management, and safety.
• Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Certification: This certification is required for cement manufacturing companies to ensure that they comply with the safety regulations set by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. The certification covers various aspects of safety, including hazard communication, respiratory protection, and fall protection.
• Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Certification: This certification is required for cement manufacturing companies to ensure that they comply with the environmental regulations set by the Environmental Protection Agency. The certification covers various aspects of environmental management, including air emissions, water discharges, and waste management.
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Certification: This certification is required for cement manufacturing companies to ensure that they comply with the safety regulations set by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. The certification covers various aspects of safety, including chemical exposure, noise exposure, and ergonomics.
• American Concrete Institute (ACI) Certification: This certification is provided by the American Concrete Institute and is required for cement manufacturing companies to ensure that their products meet the industry standards. The certification covers various aspects of concrete production, including mix design, testing, and quality control.

A concise historical narrative of NAICS Code 327310-01 covering global milestones and recent developments within the United States.

• The cement industry has a long and rich history dating back to ancient times. The first cement-like substance was discovered in Greece around 700 BC, and the Romans later developed a more advanced version of cement that was used in the construction of their famous aqueducts and buildings. In the 19th century, the invention of the rotary kiln allowed for the mass production of cement, and the industry began to grow rapidly. In the United States, the cement industry experienced significant growth during the post-World War II era, as the country underwent a massive infrastructure boom. Today, the industry continues to innovate and improve its processes, with a focus on sustainability and reducing its environmental impact.

The anticipated future trajectory of the NAICS 327310-01 industry in the USA, offering insights into potential trends, innovations, and challenges expected to shape its landscape.

• Growth Prediction: Stable

  The cement manufacturing industry in the USA is expected to experience steady growth in the coming years. The demand for cement is driven by the construction industry, which is expected to grow due to population growth and urbanization. The industry is also expected to benefit from the increasing use of sustainable building materials, which will drive demand for eco-friendly cement. However, the industry may face challenges due to the increasing competition from alternative building materials and the rising cost of raw materials. Overall, the industry is expected to grow steadily in the coming years.

Recent groundbreaking advancements and milestones in the Cement (Manufacturing) industry, reflecting notable innovations that have reshaped its landscape.

• Carbon Capture Technology: Cement manufacturers are investing in carbon capture technology to reduce their carbon footprint. This technology captures carbon dioxide emissions from cement plants and stores them underground, reducing the industry's impact on the environment.
• Use Of Alternative Fuels: Cement manufacturers are increasingly using alternative fuels such as biomass, waste, and tires to power their plants. This reduces the industry's reliance on fossil fuels and helps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
• Development Of Eco-Friendly Cement: Cement manufacturers are developing eco-friendly cement that uses less energy and produces fewer emissions than traditional cement. This type of cement is made from sustainable materials such as fly ash, slag, and recycled concrete.
• Automation and Digitization: Cement manufacturers are investing in automation and digitization to improve efficiency and reduce costs. This includes the use of sensors and data analytics to optimize production processes and reduce waste.
• Use Of 3D Printing: Cement manufacturers are exploring the use of 3D printing technology to produce complex shapes and structures. This technology has the potential to reduce waste and improve efficiency in the manufacturing process.

This section provides an extensive list of essential materials, equipment and services that are integral to the daily operations and success of the Cement (Manufacturing) industry. It highlights the primary inputs that Cement (Manufacturing) professionals rely on to perform their core tasks effectively, offering a valuable resource for understanding the critical components that drive industry activities.

Material

Additives: Various chemical additives are used to enhance the properties of cement, such as improving workability, durability, and setting times, making them crucial for specific applications.

Clay: This raw material is blended with limestone to provide the necessary silica and alumina content, crucial for the chemical reactions during cement manufacturing.

Gypsum: Used as a setting regulator, gypsum is mixed with clinker to control the hardening time of cement, ensuring it meets specific construction requirements.

Iron Ore: Iron ore is added to the mix to enhance the strength and durability of the final cement product, making it suitable for various construction applications.

Limestone: A primary raw material used in cement production, limestone is crushed and heated to produce lime, which is essential for forming the clinker in cement.

Water: Water is necessary for various processes in cement manufacturing, including mixing with raw materials and controlling the temperature during production.

Equipment

Ball Mill: A grinding machine that is essential for pulverizing clinker and gypsum into fine powder, which is the final product known as cement.

Belt Conveyor: Used for transporting raw materials and finished products within the manufacturing facility, belt conveyors enhance efficiency and reduce manual handling.

Crusher: This equipment is used to crush large chunks of raw materials like limestone into smaller pieces, facilitating easier handling and processing in the manufacturing process.

Dust Collection System: This equipment is essential for controlling dust emissions during the manufacturing process, ensuring compliance with air quality standards and protecting worker health.

Kiln: A high-temperature furnace where raw materials are heated to produce clinker, the kiln is a critical piece of equipment in the cement manufacturing process.

Mixing Equipment: Used to blend raw materials uniformly before they enter the kiln, mixing equipment ensures consistent quality in the cement production process.

Service

Environmental Compliance Consulting: A service that helps cement manufacturers adhere to environmental regulations, ensuring that operations minimize pollution and comply with legal standards.

Logistics and Transportation Services: These services are critical for the efficient distribution of raw materials to the manufacturing site and the delivery of finished cement products to customers.

Maintenance Services: Regular maintenance services are vital for keeping manufacturing equipment in optimal condition, preventing breakdowns and ensuring continuous production.

Explore a detailed compilation of the unique products and services offered by the Cement (Manufacturing) industry. This section provides precise examples of how each item is utilized, showcasing the diverse capabilities and contributions of the Cement (Manufacturing) to its clients and markets. This section provides an extensive list of essential materials, equipment and services that are integral to the daily operations and success of the Cement (Manufacturing) industry. It highlights the primary inputs that Cement (Manufacturing) professionals rely on to perform their core tasks effectively, offering a valuable resource for understanding the critical components that drive industry activities.

Material

Blended Cement: Blended cement is created by mixing Portland cement with supplementary cementitious materials such as fly ash or slag. This type of cement enhances the durability and sustainability of concrete, making it suitable for various construction applications, including pavements and precast structures.

Cement Additives: These materials are incorporated into cement to enhance its properties, such as workability, strength, and durability. Commonly used additives include retarders, accelerators, and superplasticizers, which improve the performance of concrete in various construction scenarios.

Colored Cement: By adding pigments to the cement mix, colored cement is produced to create visually appealing concrete surfaces. It is widely used in decorative concrete applications, such as sidewalks, driveways, and architectural features, allowing for creative design options.

Hydraulic Cement: Hydraulic cement sets and hardens when mixed with water, making it suitable for underwater construction and repair projects. Its ability to cure in wet conditions makes it a preferred choice for repairing dams, bridges, and other structures exposed to moisture.

Oil Well Cement: Designed for use in the oil and gas industry, oil well cement is formulated to withstand high temperatures and pressures encountered in drilling operations. It is essential for sealing wells and ensuring the integrity of oil and gas extraction processes.

Portland Cement: This widely used type of cement is produced by heating limestone and clay in a kiln to form clinker, which is then ground into a fine powder. Portland cement serves as a key ingredient in concrete and mortar, making it essential for constructing buildings, bridges, and roads.

Rapid Hardening Cement: This specialized cement is formulated to achieve high strength in a short period, making it ideal for projects requiring quick turnaround times. It is commonly used in repair works and precast concrete applications where time efficiency is crucial.

White Cement: Produced from raw materials with low iron content, white cement is valued for its aesthetic appeal and is often used in architectural applications. Its bright color allows for the creation of visually striking concrete surfaces, including decorative elements and precast products.

Equipment

Belt Conveyors: Belt conveyors are utilized to transport raw materials and finished cement throughout the manufacturing facility. Their design allows for efficient movement of heavy materials, reducing labor costs and improving operational efficiency.

Cement Mixers: Cement mixers are essential equipment used to combine cement with water and aggregates to create concrete. These machines ensure a uniform mixture, which is crucial for achieving the desired strength and consistency in construction projects.

Cement Silos: Cement silos are storage containers designed to hold bulk cement safely and efficiently. They are crucial for maintaining the quality of cement by protecting it from moisture and contamination, ensuring a steady supply for construction projects.

Grinding Mills: Grinding mills are used to finely grind clinker and other materials into cement powder. The efficiency of these mills directly affects the energy consumption and production rate of cement, making them vital for the manufacturing process.

Kilns: Kilns are large ovens used in the cement manufacturing process to heat raw materials to high temperatures, facilitating the chemical reactions necessary to produce clinker. The efficiency and design of kilns significantly impact the overall production capacity and quality of cement.

Service

Quality Control Testing: This service involves rigorous testing of cement samples to ensure they meet industry standards and specifications. Quality control is essential for maintaining the integrity and performance of cement in various construction applications.

Technical Support Services: Providing expert guidance on cement selection, application techniques, and troubleshooting, this service helps customers optimize their use of cement in construction projects, ensuring successful outcomes and adherence to safety standards.

A thorough examination of the Cement (Manufacturing) industry’s external dynamics, focusing on the political, economic, social, technological, legal, and environmental factors that shape its operations and strategic direction.

Political Factors

Economic Factors

Social Factors

Technological Factors

Legal Factors

Economical Factors

An in-depth look at the Cement (Manufacturing) industry's value chain, highlighting its role, key activities, and efficiency strategies, along with its unique value drivers and competitive strengths.

Value Chain Position

Category: Component Manufacturer
Value Stage: Intermediate
Description: Cement manufacturing operates as a component manufacturer in the construction sector, producing cement that serves as a critical binding material for various construction applications. The industry engages in the transformation of raw materials into cement through a series of complex processes, ensuring high-quality output for downstream construction activities.

Upstream Industries

Downstream Industries

Primary Activities

Inbound Logistics: Inbound logistics in cement manufacturing involve the careful receipt and handling of raw materials such as limestone, clay, and gypsum. Efficient storage systems are implemented to manage inventory levels, ensuring that materials are readily available for production. Quality control measures include regular testing of raw materials to confirm compliance with industry standards, while challenges such as material contamination are addressed through rigorous supplier selection and monitoring processes.

Operations: The core operations of cement manufacturing include crushing and grinding raw materials, blending them in precise proportions, and heating the mixture in kilns to produce clinker. This clinker is then ground with gypsum to create cement. Quality management practices involve continuous monitoring of the production process, ensuring that the final product meets specifications for strength and consistency. Industry-standard procedures include adhering to environmental regulations and optimizing energy use during production.

Outbound Logistics: Outbound logistics encompass the distribution of finished cement products to various construction sites and manufacturers. Distribution methods typically involve bulk transport using specialized trucks or rail systems to maintain product integrity. Common practices include scheduling deliveries to align with construction timelines, ensuring that cement arrives in optimal condition for use.

Marketing & Sales: Marketing strategies in the cement industry often focus on building strong relationships with construction firms and contractors, emphasizing the quality and reliability of the product. Customer relationship practices include providing technical support and consultation to ensure proper application of cement in various projects. Sales processes typically involve direct engagement with clients to understand their specific needs and offer tailored solutions.

Support Activities

Infrastructure: Management systems in cement manufacturing include enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems that facilitate efficient operations and financial management. Organizational structures often consist of specialized teams for production, quality assurance, and logistics, ensuring effective coordination across departments. Planning and control systems are critical for managing production schedules and inventory levels to meet market demand.

Human Resource Management: Workforce requirements in the cement industry include skilled labor for operating machinery and managing production processes. Training programs focus on safety practices and technical skills necessary for efficient operations. Industry-specific knowledge, such as understanding material properties and production techniques, is essential for maintaining high standards of quality and safety.

Technology Development: Key technologies in cement manufacturing include advanced kiln systems that optimize energy consumption and emissions control technologies to minimize environmental impact. Innovation practices often involve research into alternative materials and processes that enhance sustainability. Industry-standard systems may include automation and data analytics for monitoring production efficiency and quality control.

Procurement: Sourcing strategies involve establishing long-term relationships with suppliers of raw materials to ensure consistent quality and availability. Supplier relationship management is crucial for negotiating favorable terms and maintaining quality standards, while purchasing practices often emphasize sustainability and cost-effectiveness.

Value Chain Efficiency

Process Efficiency: Operational effectiveness in cement manufacturing is measured through metrics such as production output per hour and energy consumption per ton of cement produced. Common efficiency measures include tracking material usage and optimizing kiln operations to reduce waste. Industry benchmarks are established based on best practices and performance standards within the sector.

Integration Efficiency: Coordination methods involve regular communication between production, logistics, and sales teams to ensure alignment on production schedules and customer demand. Communication systems often include integrated software platforms that facilitate real-time updates on inventory and order status, enhancing responsiveness to market changes.

Resource Utilization: Resource management practices focus on optimizing the use of raw materials and energy throughout the production process. Optimization approaches may involve implementing recycling initiatives for waste materials and exploring alternative fuels to reduce costs and environmental impact, adhering to industry standards for sustainability.

Value Chain Summary

Key Value Drivers: Primary sources of value creation in cement manufacturing include the quality of raw materials, efficient production processes, and strong customer relationships. Critical success factors involve maintaining consistent product quality and adapting to market demands for sustainable construction materials.

Competitive Position: Sources of competitive advantage include the ability to produce high-quality cement at competitive prices and establish long-term contracts with major construction firms. Industry positioning is influenced by regional availability of raw materials and proximity to key markets, impacting overall market dynamics.

Challenges & Opportunities: Current industry challenges include fluctuating raw material prices, regulatory pressures regarding emissions, and competition from alternative building materials. Future trends may involve increasing demand for sustainable construction practices, presenting opportunities for innovation in product development and process efficiency.

A focused SWOT analysis that examines the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats facing the Cement (Manufacturing) industry within the US market. This section provides insights into current conditions, strategic interactions, and future growth potential.

Strengths

Industry Infrastructure and Resources: The cement manufacturing sector benefits from a robust infrastructure that includes advanced production facilities, extensive distribution networks, and significant capital investments in equipment. This strong foundation enables efficient production processes and timely delivery of products, which are crucial for meeting the demands of large-scale construction projects.

Technological Capabilities: The industry possesses strong technological capabilities, with many companies investing in innovative production techniques and energy-efficient technologies. These advancements not only enhance production efficiency but also reduce environmental impact, positioning the industry favorably in a market increasingly focused on sustainability.

Market Position: Cement manufacturing holds a strong position within the construction materials market, characterized by a significant share and established brand recognition. The industry's ability to meet the growing demand for infrastructure development and housing projects reinforces its competitive strength, although it faces challenges from alternative materials.

Financial Health: The financial health of the cement manufacturing industry is generally strong, with many companies reporting stable revenue growth and healthy profit margins. This financial stability is supported by consistent demand for cement in construction, although fluctuations in raw material prices can pose challenges.

Supply Chain Advantages: The industry benefits from well-established supply chain networks that facilitate the procurement of raw materials such as limestone and clay. Strong relationships with suppliers and logistics providers enhance operational efficiency, ensuring timely delivery of products to construction sites.

Workforce Expertise: The labor force in cement manufacturing is skilled and experienced, with many workers possessing specialized training in production processes and quality control. This expertise contributes to high operational standards and product quality, although ongoing training is essential to keep pace with technological advancements.

Weaknesses

Structural Inefficiencies: Certain companies within the industry face structural inefficiencies due to outdated production equipment or suboptimal facility layouts. These inefficiencies can lead to increased operational costs and reduced competitiveness, particularly against more modernized competitors.

Cost Structures: The industry grapples with rising costs associated with raw materials, energy, and regulatory compliance. These cost pressures can squeeze profit margins, necessitating careful management of pricing strategies and operational efficiencies to maintain competitiveness.

Technology Gaps: While some firms are at the forefront of technological innovation, others lag in adopting new production technologies. This gap can result in lower productivity and higher operational costs, impacting overall competitiveness in the cement market.

Resource Limitations: The industry is vulnerable to fluctuations in the availability of key raw materials, particularly due to environmental factors and regulatory restrictions. These resource limitations can disrupt production schedules and affect product availability.

Regulatory Compliance Issues: Navigating the complex landscape of environmental regulations poses challenges for many companies. Compliance costs can be significant, and failure to meet regulatory standards can lead to penalties and reputational damage.

Market Access Barriers: Entering new markets can be challenging due to established competition and stringent regulatory requirements. Companies may face difficulties in securing distribution agreements or meeting local compliance standards, limiting growth opportunities.

Opportunities

Market Growth Potential: There is substantial potential for market growth driven by increasing infrastructure investments and urbanization trends. The demand for sustainable construction practices presents opportunities for companies to innovate and expand their product offerings.

Emerging Technologies: Advancements in production technologies, such as carbon capture and alternative cement formulations, offer opportunities for enhancing product sustainability and reducing environmental impact. These technologies can lead to increased efficiency and market differentiation.

Economic Trends: Favorable economic conditions, including government spending on infrastructure and rising construction activity, support growth in the cement manufacturing sector. As economies recover and expand, demand for cement is expected to rise significantly.

Regulatory Changes: Potential regulatory changes aimed at promoting sustainable construction practices could benefit the industry. Companies that adapt to these changes by offering eco-friendly products may gain a competitive edge in the market.

Consumer Behavior Shifts: Shifts in consumer preferences towards sustainable and environmentally friendly construction materials create opportunities for growth. Companies that align their product offerings with these trends can attract a broader customer base and enhance brand loyalty.

Threats

Competitive Pressures: Intense competition from both domestic and international players poses a significant threat to market share. Companies must continuously innovate and differentiate their products to maintain a competitive edge in a crowded marketplace.

Economic Uncertainties: Economic fluctuations, including inflation and changes in government spending, can impact demand for cement. Companies must remain agile to adapt to these uncertainties and mitigate potential impacts on sales.

Regulatory Challenges: The potential for stricter environmental regulations regarding emissions and production processes can pose challenges for the industry. Companies must invest in compliance measures to avoid penalties and ensure sustainable operations.

Technological Disruption: Emerging technologies in alternative building materials could disrupt the market for traditional cement products. Companies need to monitor these trends closely and innovate to stay relevant in the evolving construction landscape.

Environmental Concerns: Increasing scrutiny on environmental sustainability practices poses challenges for the industry. Companies must adopt sustainable practices to meet consumer expectations and regulatory requirements, or risk losing market share.

SWOT Summary

Strategic Position: The cement manufacturing industry currently enjoys a strong market position, bolstered by robust demand for construction materials. However, challenges such as rising costs and competitive pressures necessitate strategic innovation and adaptation to maintain growth. The future trajectory appears promising, with opportunities for expansion into sustainable product lines and new markets, provided that companies can navigate the complexities of regulatory compliance and supply chain management.

Key Interactions

Growth Potential: The growth prospects for the cement manufacturing industry are robust, driven by increasing infrastructure investments and urbanization trends. Key growth drivers include advancements in sustainable production technologies and favorable economic conditions. Market expansion opportunities exist in both domestic and international markets, particularly as governments prioritize infrastructure development. However, challenges such as regulatory compliance and resource limitations must be addressed to fully realize this potential. The timeline for growth realization is projected over the next five to ten years, contingent on successful adaptation to market trends and consumer preferences.

Risk Assessment: The overall risk level for the cement manufacturing industry is moderate, with key risk factors including economic uncertainties, competitive pressures, and supply chain vulnerabilities. Industry players must be vigilant in monitoring external threats, such as changes in regulatory landscapes and consumer behavior. Effective risk management strategies, including diversification of suppliers and investment in sustainable technologies, can mitigate potential impacts. Long-term risk management approaches should focus on sustainability and adaptability to changing market conditions. The timeline for risk evolution is ongoing, necessitating proactive measures to safeguard against emerging threats.

Strategic Recommendations

An exploration of how geographic and site-specific factors impact the operations of the Cement (Manufacturing) industry in the US, focusing on location, topography, climate, vegetation, zoning, infrastructure, and cultural context.

Location: Cement manufacturing operations are predominantly located in regions with abundant natural resources, such as the Midwest and Southeast, where limestone and clay deposits are readily available. Proximity to major transportation routes, including highways and railroads, is crucial for efficient distribution of raw materials and finished products. Regions like Texas and California benefit from their extensive infrastructure, allowing for streamlined logistics and reduced transportation costs, which are vital for maintaining competitive pricing in the market.

Topography: The industry requires large, flat sites for the construction of manufacturing plants and storage facilities. Areas with stable geological conditions are preferred to minimize risks associated with land subsidence or seismic activity. The flat terrain found in regions like the Great Plains facilitates the movement of heavy machinery and the transportation of raw materials. Additionally, proximity to quarries and mining sites is essential for reducing transportation distances and costs associated with raw material procurement.

Climate: Cement manufacturing is sensitive to temperature and humidity levels, which can affect the curing process of cement products. Regions with moderate climates, such as the Southeastern United States, allow for year-round production without significant weather-related disruptions. However, extreme temperatures can necessitate additional measures for temperature control during the mixing and curing processes. Seasonal variations in weather patterns can also impact the scheduling of construction projects that rely on cement, influencing demand fluctuations throughout the year.

Vegetation: The presence of vegetation can impact site selection and operational practices, as areas with dense forests may require significant clearing before construction can begin. Compliance with environmental regulations regarding land use and habitat preservation is essential, particularly in regions with protected ecosystems. Effective vegetation management practices are necessary to prevent contamination of raw materials and finished products, ensuring that manufacturing processes adhere to environmental standards and do not negatively impact local ecosystems.

Zoning and Land Use: Cement manufacturing facilities must comply with local zoning laws that designate areas for heavy industrial use. These regulations often dictate the types of activities permitted on-site, including the handling of raw materials and emissions control. Specific permits are required for construction and operation, with regional variations influencing the complexity of the permitting process. Facilities must also consider buffer zones to mitigate noise and air pollution impacts on surrounding communities, which can affect site selection and operational practices.

Infrastructure: Robust infrastructure is critical for cement manufacturing, including access to reliable transportation networks for the movement of raw materials and finished products. Facilities require substantial electrical and water supply systems to support production processes, as well as waste management systems to handle byproducts. Communication infrastructure is also essential for coordinating logistics and ensuring operational efficiency. Proximity to railroads can enhance distribution capabilities, allowing for bulk shipping of cement to distant markets.

Cultural and Historical: Cement manufacturing has a long-standing presence in many regions, contributing significantly to local economies and infrastructure development. Community acceptance of cement plants often hinges on their economic contributions and adherence to environmental regulations. Historical ties to the industry can foster a skilled workforce familiar with manufacturing processes. However, concerns about emissions and environmental impact can lead to community pushback, necessitating proactive engagement and transparency from manufacturers to address local concerns and demonstrate commitment to sustainable practices.

A detailed overview of the Cement (Manufacturing) industry’s market dynamics, competitive landscape, and operational conditions, highlighting the unique factors influencing its day-to-day activities.

Market Overview

Market Size: Large

Description: This industry encompasses the production of cement through the processing of raw materials such as limestone, clay, and iron ore, which are crushed, blended, and heated to create clinker. The clinker is then ground with gypsum to produce the final cement product, essential for construction projects.

Market Stage: Mature. The industry is characterized by established production processes, significant capital investment in facilities, and a stable demand driven by ongoing construction activities across various sectors.

Geographic Distribution: Regional. Cement manufacturing facilities are predominantly located in regions with abundant limestone deposits, such as the Midwest and Southeast, to minimize transportation costs and ensure raw material availability.

Characteristics

Market Structure

Market Concentration: Moderately Concentrated. The industry features a mix of large multinational corporations and regional players, with a few companies dominating the market share while smaller firms serve niche markets.

Segments

Distribution Channels

Success Factors

Demand Analysis

Demand Drivers

Competitive Landscape

Entry Barriers

Business Models

Operating Environment